Plastic Surgery, Vol. 1

Edited by Geoffrey C Gurtner, MD, FACS, Professor and Associate Chairman Stanford University School of Medicine Stanford, CA, USA

Peter C. Neligan, MB, FRCS(I), FRCSC, FACS, Professor of Surgery Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery University of Washington Seattle, WA, USA

Contents Foreword by Joseph G. McCarthy XXX Preface to the Third Edition XXX List of Contributors XXX Acknowledgments XXX Dedication XXX Volume One: Principles Geoffrey C. Gurtner 1 Plastic surgery and innovation in medicine XXXPeter C. Neligan 2 History of reconstructive and aesthetic surgery XXXRiccardo F. Mazzola and Isabella C. Mazzola 3 Psychological aspects of plastic surgery XXXLaurie A. Stevens and Mary H. McGrath 4 The role of ethics in plastic surgery XXXPhillip C. Haeck 5 Business principles for plastic surgeons XXXC. Scott Hultman 6 Medico-legal issues in plastic surgery XXXNeal R. Reisman 7 Photography in plastic surgery XXXBrian M. Kinney 8 Patient safety in plastic surgery XXXBruce Halperin 9 Local anesthetics in plastic surgery XXXA. Aldo Mottura 10 Evidence-based medicine and health services research in plastic surgery XXXCarolyn L. Kerrigan, E. Dale Collins Vidal, Andrea L. Pusic, Amy K. Alderman, and Valerie Lemaine 11 Genetics and prenatal diagnosis XXXDaniel Nowinski, Elizabeth Kiwanuka, Florian Hackl, Bohdan Pomahac, and Elof Eriksson 12 Principles of cancer management XXXTomer Avraham, Evan Matros, and Babak J. Mehrara 13 Stem cells and regenerative medicine XXXBenjamin Levi, Derrick C. Wan, Victor W. Wong, Geoffrey C. Gurtner, and Michael T. Longaker 14 Wound healing XXXChandan K. Sen and Sashwati Roy 15 Skin wound healing: Repair biology, wound, and scar treatment XXXUrsula Mirastschijski, Andreas Jokuszies, and Peter M. Vogt 16 Scar prevention, treatment, and revision XXXPeter Lorenz and A. Sina Bari 17 Skin graft XXXSaja S. Scherer-Pietramaggiori, Giorgio Pietramaggiori, and Dennis P. Orgill 18 Tissue graft, tissue repair, and regeneration XXXWei Liu and Yilin Cao 19 Tissue engineering XXXAndrea J. O'Connor and Wayne A. Morrison 20 Repair, grafting, and engineering of cartilage XXXWei Liu and Yilin Cao 21 Repair and grafting of bone XXXIris A. Seitz, Chad M. Teven, and Russell R. Reid 22 Repair and grafting of peripheral nerve XXXRenata V. Weber, Kirsty U. Boyd, and Susan E. Mackinnon 23 Vascular territories XXXSteven F. Morris and G. Ian Taylor 24 Flap classification and applications XXXScott L. Hansen, David M. Young, Patrick Lang, and Hani Sbitany 25 Flap pathophysiology and pharmacology XXXCho Y. Pang and Peter C. Neligan 26 Principles and techniques of microvascular surgery XXXFu-Chan Wei and Sherilyn Keng Lin Tay 27 Principles and applications of tissue expansion XXXMalcolm W. Marks and Louis C. Argenta 28 Therapeutic radiation: Principles, effects, and complications XXXGabrielle M. Kane 29 Vascular anomalies XXXArin K. Greene and John B. Mulliken 30 Benign and malignant nonmelanocytic tumors of the skin and soft tissue XXXRei Ogawa 31 Melanoma XXXStephan Ariyan and Aaron Berger 32 Implants and biomaterials XXXCharles E. Butler and Timothy W. King 33 Facial prosthetics in plastic surgery XXXGordon H. Wilkes, Mohammed M. Al Kahtani, and Johan F. Wolfaardt 34 Transplantation in plastic surgery XXXDavid W. Mathes, Peter E. M. Butler, and W. P. Andrew Lee 35 Technology innovation in plastic surgery: A practical guide for the surgeon innovator XXXLeila Jazayeri and Geoffrey C. Gurtner 36 Robotics, simulation, and telemedicine in plastic surgery XXXJoseph M. Rosen, Todd E. Burdette, Erin Donaldson, Robyn Mosher, Lindsay B. Katona, and Sarah A. Long Volume Two: Aesthetic Richard J. Warren 1 Managing the cosmetic patient XXXMichelle B. Locke and Foad Nahai Section I: Aesthetic Surgery of the Face 2 Nonsurgical skin care and rejuvenation XXXLeslie Baumann 3 Botulinum toxin (BoNT-A) XXXMichael A.C. Kane 4 Soft-tissue fillers XXXTrevor M. Born, Lisa E. Airan, and Dimitrios Motakis 5 Facial skin resurfacing XXXSteven R. Cohen, Ryan C. Frank, and E. Victor Ross 6 Anatomy of the aging face XXXBryan Mendelson and Chin-Ho Wong 7 Forehead rejuvenation XXXRichard J. Warren 8 Blepharoplasty XXXJulius Few Jr. and Marco Ellis 9 Secondary blepharoplasty: Techniques XXXGlenn W. Jelks, Elizabeth B. Jelks, Ernest S. Chiu, and Douglas S. Steinbrech 10 Asian facial cosmetic surgery XXXKyung S. Koh, Jong Woo Choi, and Clyde H. Ishii 11.1 Facelift: Principles XXXRichard J. Warren 11.2 Facelift: Introduction to deep tissue techniques XXXRichard J. Warren 11.3 Facelift: Platysma-SMAS plication XXXDai M. Davies and Miles G. Berry 11.4 Facelift: Facial rejuvenation with loop sutures, the MACS lift and its derivatives XXXMark Laurence Jewell 11.5 Facelift: Lateral SMASectomy XXXDaniel C. Baker 11.6 Facelift: The extended SMAS technique in facial rejuvenation XXXJames M. Stuzin 11.7 Facelift: SMAS with skin attached - the "high SMAS" technique XXXFritz E. Barton Jr. 11.8 Facelift: Subperiosteal facelift XXXOscar M. Ramirez 12 Secondary deformities and the secondary facelift XXXTimothy J. Marten and Dino Elyassnia 13 Neck rejuvenation XXXJames E. Zins, Colin Myles Morrison, and Claude-Jean Langevin 14 Structural fat grafting XXXSydney R. Coleman and Alesia P. Saboeiro 15 Skeletal augmentation XXXMichael J. Yaremchuk 16 Anthropometry, cephalometry, and orthognathic surgery XXXDaniel I. Taub, Jordan M.S. Jacobs, and Jonathan S. Jacobs 17 Nasal analysis and anatomy XXXJoel E. Pessa and Rod J. Rohrich 18 Open technique rhinoplasty XXXRod J. Rohrich and Jamil Ahmad 19 Closed technique rhinoplasty XXXMark B. Constantian 20 Airway issues and the deviated nose XXXBahman Guyuron and Bryan S. Armijo 21 Secondary rhinoplasty XXXRonald P. Gruber, Simeon H. Wall Jr., David L. Kaufman, and David M. Kahn 22 Otoplasty XXXCharles H. Thorne 23 Hair restoration XXXJack Fisher Section II: General Aesthetic Surgery 24 Liposuction: A comprehensive review of techniques and safety XXXJeffrey M. Kenkel and Phillip J. Stephan 25 Abdominoplasty procedures XXXDirk F. Richter and Alexander Stoff 26 Lipoabdominoplasty XXXOsvaldo Ribeiro Saldanha, Sergio Fernando Dantas de Azevedo, Osvaldo Ribeiro Saldanha Filho, Cristianna Bonneto Saldanha, and Luis Humberto Uribe Morelli 27 Lower bodylifts XXXAl Aly, Khalid Al-Zahrani, and Albert Cram 28 Buttock augmentation XXXTerrence W. Bruner, Jose Abel de la Pena Salcedo, Constantino G. Mendieta, and Thomas L. Roberts III 29 Upper limb contouring XXXJoseph F. Capella, Matthew J. Trovato, and Scott Woehrle 30 Post-bariatric reconstruction XXXJonathan W. Toy and J. Peter Rubin 31 Aesthetic genital surgery XXXGary J. Alter Volume Three: Craniofacial, Head and Neck Surgery and Pediatric Plastic Surgery Part 1: Craniofacial, head and neck surgery: Eduardo D. Rodriguez 1 Anatomy of the head and neck XXXAhmed M. Afifi and Risal Djohan Section I: Craniofacial Trauma 2 Facial trauma: Soft tissue injuries XXXReid V. Mueller 3 Facial fractures XXXEduardo D. Rodriguez, Amir H. Dorafshar, and Paul N. Manson 4 TMJ dysfunction and obstructive sleep apnea XXXStephen A. Schendel and Brinda Thimmappa Section II: Head and Neck Reconstruction 5 Scalp and forehead reconstruction XXXMark D. Wells and Carla Skytta 6 Aesthetic nasal reconstruction XXXFrederick J. Menick 7 Reconstruction of the ear XXXBurton D. Brent 8 Acquired cranial and facial bone deformities XXXRenee M. Burke, Robert J. Morin, and S. Anthony Wolfe 9 Midface reconstruction XXXConstance M. Chen, Joseph J. Disa, and Peter G. Cordeiro 10 Cheek and lip reconstruction XXXPeter C. Neligan 11 Facial paralysis XXXRonald M. Zuker, Eyal Gur, Gazi Hussain, and Ralph T. Manktelow 12 Oral cavity, tongue, and mandibular reconstructions XXXMing-Huei Cheng and Jung-Ju Huang 13 Hypopharyngeal, esophageal, and neck reconstruction XXXPeirong Yu 14 Salivary gland tumors XXXStephan Ariyan, Deepak Narayan, and Charlotte E. Ariyan 15 Tumors of the facial skeleton: Fibrous dysplasia XXXYou-Wei Cheong and Yu-Ray Chen 16 Tumors of the lips, oral cavity, oropharynx, and mandible XXXJohn Joseph Coleman III and Anthony P. Tufaro 17 Carcinoma of the upper aerodigestive tract XXXMichael E. Kupferman, Justin M. Sacks, and Edward I. Chang 18 Local flaps for facial coverage XXXIan T. Jackson 19 Secondary facial reconstruction XXXJulian J. Pribaz and Rodney K. Chan 20 Facial transplant XXXLaurent Lantieri 21 Surgical management of migraine headaches XXXBahman Guyuron and Ali Totonchi Part 2: Pediatric plastic surgery: Joseph E. Losee Section I: Clefts 22 Embryology of the craniofacial complex XXXMaryam Afshar, Samantha A. Brugmann, and Jill A. Helms 23 Repair of unilateral cleft lip XXXPhilip Kuo-Ting Chen, M. Samuel Noordhoff, and Alex Kane 24 Repair of bilateral cleft lip XXXJohn B. Mulliken 25 Cleft palate XXXWilliam Y. Hoffman 26 Alveolar clefts XXXRichard A. Hopper 27 Orthodontics in cleft lip and palate management XXXAlvaro A. Figueroa and John W. Polley 28 Velopharyngeal dysfunction XXXRichard E. Kirschner and Adriane L. Baylis 29 Secondary deformities of the cleft lip, nose, and palate XXXEvan M. Feldman, John C. Koshy, Larry H. Hollier Jr., and Samuel Stal 30 Cleft and craniofacial orthognathic surgery XXXJesse A. Goldstein and Steven B. Baker Section II: Craniofacial 31 Pediatric facial fractures XXXJoseph E. Losee and Darren M. Smith 32 Orbital hypertelorism XXXEric Arnaud, Daniel Marchac, Federico Di Rocco, and Dominique Renier 33 Craniofacial clefts XXXJames P. Bradley and Henry K. Kawamoto Jr. 34 Nonsyndromic craniosynostosis XXXDerek M. Steinbacher and Scott P. Bartlett 35 Syndromic craniosynostosis XXXJeffrey A. Fearon 36 Craniofacial microsomia XXXJoseph G. McCarthy, Barry H. Grayson, Richard A. Hopper, and Oren M. Tepper 37 Hemifacial atrophy XXXPeter J. Taub, Lester Silver, and Kathryn S.Torok 38 Pierre Robin sequence XXXChristopher G. Zochowski and Arun K. Gosain 39 Treacher-Collins syndrome XXXFernando Molina Section III: Pediatrics 40 Congenital melanocytic nevi XXXBruce S. Bauer and Neta Adler 41 Pediatric chest and trunk defects XXXLawrence J. Gottlieb, Russell R. Reid, and Justine C. Lee 42 Pediatric tumors XXXSahil Kapur and Michael L. Bentz 43 Conjoined twins XXXOksana Jackson, David W. Low and Don LaRossa 44 Reconstruction of urogenital defects: Congenital XXXMohan S. Gundeti and Michael C. Large Volume Four: Lower Extremity, Trunk and Burns David Song Section I: Lower Extremity Surgery 1 Comprehensive lower extremity anatomy XXXGinard I. Henry and Grant M. Kleiber 2 Management of lower extremity trauma XXXShannon Colohan and Michel Saint-Cyr 3 Lymphatic reconstruction of the extremities XXXRuediger G. H. Baumeister, David W. Chang, and Peter C. Neligan 4 Lower extremity sarcoma reconstruction XXXGoetz A.Giessler and Michael Sauerbier 5 Reconstructive surgery: Lower extremity coverage XXXJoon Pio Hong 6 Diagnosis and treatment of painful neuroma and of nerve compression in the lower extremity XXXA. Lee Dellon 7 Skeletal reconstruction XXXStephen J. Kovach and L. Scott Levin 8 Foot reconstruction XXXMark W. Clemens, Lawrence B. Colen, and Christopher E. Attinger Section II: Trunk Surgery 9 Comprehensive trunk anatomy XXXMichael A. Howard and Sara R. Dickie 10 Reconstruction of the chest XXXDavid H. Song and Michelle C. Roughton 11 Reconstruction of the soft tissues of the back XXXGregory A. Dumanian 12 Abdominal wall reconstruction XXXNavin K. Singh, Marwan R. Khalifeh, and Jonathan Bank 13 Reconstruction of male genital defects XXXStan Monstrey, Peter Ceulemans, Nathalie Roche, Philippe Houtmeyers, Nicolas Lumen, and Piet Hoebeke 14 Reconstruction of acquired vaginal defects XXXLaura Snell, Peter G. Cordeiro, and Andrea L. Pusic 15 Surgery for gender identity disorder XXXLoren S. Schechter 16 Pressure sores XXXRobert Kwon and Jeffrey E. Janis 17 Perineal reconstruction XXXHakim K. Said and Otway Louie Section III: Burns Surgery 18 Acute management of burn/electrical injuries XXXLars Steinstraesser and Sammy Al-Benna 19 Extremity burn reconstruction XXXLorenzo Borghese, Alessandro Masellis, and Michele Masellis 20 Cold and chemical injury to the upper extremity XXXDennis S. Kao and John Hijjawi 21 Management of facial burns XXXRobert J. Spence 22 Reconstructive burn surgery XXXMatthew B. Klein 23 Management of patients with exfoliative disorders, epidermolysis bullosa, and TEN XXXAbdullah E. Kattan, Robert C. Cartotto, and Joel S. Fish Volume Five: Breast James C. Grotting 1 Anatomy for plastic surgery of the breast XXXJorge I. de la Torre and Michael R. Davis Section I: Cosmetic Surgery of the Breast 2 Breast augmentation XXXG. Patrick Maxwell and Allen Gabriel 3 Secondary breast augmentation XXXMitchell H. Brown 4 Current concepts in revisionary breast surgery XXXG. Patrick Maxwell and Allen Gabriel 5 Endoscopic approaches to the breast XXXNeil A. Fine and Clark F. Schierle 6 Iatrogenic disorders following breast surgery XXXWalter Peters 7 Mastopexy XXXKent K. Higdon and James C. Grotting 8.1 Reduction mammaplasty XXXJack Fisher and Kent K. Higdon 8.2 Inferior pedicle breast reduction XXXJack Fisher 8.3 Superior or medial pedicle XXXFrank Lista and Jamil Ahmad 8.4 Short scar periareolar inferior pedicle reduction (SPAIR) mammaplasty XXXDennis C. Hammond 8.5 The L short-scar mammaplasty XXXArmando Chiari Jr. 8.6 Periareolar technique with mesh support XXXJoao Carlos Sampaio Goes 8.7 Sculpted pillar vertical reduction mammaplasty XXXKent K. Higdon and James C. Grotting 9 Revision surgery following breast reduction and mastopexy XXXKenneth C. Shestak Section II: Reconstructive Surgery of the Breast 10 Breast cancer: Diagnosis therapy and oncoplastic techniques XXXElisabeth Beahm and Julie E. Lang 11 The oncoplastic approach to partial breast reconstruction XXXAlbert Losken 12 Patient-centered health communication XXXGary L. Freed, Alice Andrews, and E. Dale Collins Vidal 13 Imaging in reconstructive breast surgery XXXJaume Masia, Carmen Navarro, and Juan A. Clavero 14 Expander-implants breast reconstruction XXXMaurizio B. Nava, Giuseppe Catanuto, Angela Pennati, Valentina Visintini Cividin, and Andrea Spano 15 Latissimus dorsi flap breast reconstruction XXXScott L. Spear and Mark W. Clemens 16 The bilateral pedicled TRAM flap XXXL. Franklyn Elliott, John D. Symbas, and Hunter R. Moyer 17 Free TRAM breast reconstruction XXXJoshua Fosnot and Joseph M. Serletti 18 The deep inferior epigastric artery perforator (DIEAP) flap XXXPhillip N. Blondeel, Colin M. Morrison, and Robert J. Allen 19 Alternative flaps for breast reconstruction XXXMaria M. LoTempio, Robert J. Allen, and Phillip N. Blondeel 20 Omentum reconstruction of the breast XXXJoao Carlos Sampaio Goes and Antonio Luiz Vasconcellos Macedo 21 Local flaps in partial breast reconstruction XXXMoustapha Hamdi and Eugenia J. Kyriopoulos 22 Reconstruction of the nipple-areola complex XXXKetan M. Patel and Maurice Y. Nahabedian 23.1 Congenital anomalies of the breast XXXEgle Muti 23.2 Poland syndrome XXXPietro Berrino and Valeria Berrino 24 Contouring of the arms, breast, upper trunk, and male chest in the massive weight loss patient XXXJonathan W. Toy and J. Peter Rubin 25 Fat grafting to the breast XXXHenry Wilson and Scott L. Spear Volume Six: Hand and Upper Extremity James Chang Introduction: Plastic surgery contributions to hand surgery xxxvii James Chang Section I: Introduction and Principles 1 Anatomy and biomechanics of the hand XXXJames Chang, Francisco Valero-Cuevas, Vincent R. Hentz, and Robert A. Chase 2 Examination of the upper extremity XXXRyosuke Kakinoki 3 Diagnostic imaging of the hand and wrist XXXAlphonsus K. Chong and David M.K. Tan 4 Anesthesia for upper extremity surgery XXXJonay Hill, Vanila M. Singh and Subhro K. Sen 5 Principles of internal fixation as applied to the hand and wrist XXXJeffrey Yao and Christopher Cox Section II: Acquired Traumatic Disorders 6 Nail and fingertip reconstruction XXXMichael W. Neumeister, Elvin G. Zook, Nicole Z. Sommer, and Theresa A. Hegge 7 Hand fractures and joint injuries XXXWarren C. Hammert 8 Fractures and dislocations of the wrist and distal radius XXXKevin C. Chung and Steven C. Haase 9 Flexor tendon injury and reconstruction XXXJin Bo Tang 10 Extensor tendon injuries XXXKai Megerle and Gunther Germann 11 Replantation and revascularization XXXWilliam W. Dzwierzynski 12 Reconstructive surgery of the mutilated hand XXXWilliam C. Pederson and Randolph Sherman 13 Thumb reconstruction: Nonmicrosurgical techniques XXXNicholas B. Vedder and Jeffrey B. Friedrich 14 Thumb and finger reconstruction: Microsurgical techniques XXXFu Chan Wei and Wee Leon Lam Section III: Acquired Nontraumatic Disorders 15 Benign and malignant tumors of the hand XXXJustin M. Sacks, Kodi K. Azari, Scott Oates, and David W. Chang 16 Infections of the hand XXXSean M. Bidic and Tim Schaub 17 Management of Dupuytren's disease XXXAndrew J. Watt and Caroline Leclercq 18 Occupational hand disorders XXXSteven J. McCabe 19 Rheumatologic conditions of the hand and wrist XXXDouglas M. Sammer and Kevin C. Chung 20 Osteoarthritis in the hand and wrist XXXBrian T. Carlsen, Karim Bakri, Faisal M. Al-Mufarrej and Steven L. Moran 21 The stiff hand and the spastic hand XXXDavid T. Netscher 22 Ischemia of the hand XXXHee Chang Ahn and Neil F. Jones 23 Complex regional pain syndrome in the upper extremity XXXIvica Ducic and John M. Felder III 24 Nerve entrapment syndromes XXXMichael Bezuhly, James P. O'Brien and Donald Lalonde Section IV: Congenital Disorders 25 Congenital hand I: Embryology, classification, and principles XXXMichael Tonkin and Kerby Oberg 26 Congenital hand II: Disorders of formation (transverse and longitudinal arrest) XXXGill Smith and Paul Smith 27 Congenital hand III: Disorders of formation - thumb hypoplasia XXXJoseph Upton III and Amir Taghinia 28 Congenital hand IV: Disorders of differentiation and duplication XXXSteven E.R. Hovius 29 Congenital hand V: Disorders of overgrowth, undergrowth, and generalized skeletal deformities XXXLeung Kim Hung, Ping Chung Leung, and Takayuki Miura (Addendum by Michael Tonkin) 30 Growth considerations in pediatric upper extremity trauma and reconstruction XXXMarco Innocenti and Carla Baldrighi 31 Vascular anomalies of the upper extremity XXXJoseph Upton III Section V: Paralytic Disorders 32 Peripheral nerve injuries of the upper extremity XXXSimon Farnebo, Johan Thorfinn, and Lars B. Dahlin 33 Nerve transfers XXXKirsty U. Boyd, Ida K. Fox, and Susan E. Mackinnon 34 Tendon transfers in the upper extremity XXXNeil F. Jones 35 Free-functioning muscle transfer in the upper extremity XXXIsaac Harvey and Gregory H. Borschel 36 Brachial plexus injuries: Adult and pediatric XXXDavid Chwei-Chin Chuang 37 Restoration of upper extremity function in tetraplegia XXXCatherine Curtin and Vincent R. Hentz Section VI: Rehabilitation 38 Upper extremity composite allotransplantation XXXVijay S. Gorantla, Stefan S. Schneeberger, and W.P. Andrew Lee 39 Hand therapy XXXChristine B. Novak and Rebecca L. von der Heyde 40 Treatment of the upper extremity amputee XXXGregory A. Dumanian and Todd A. Kuiken Index to all volumes iXXX-iXXX