Pediatric Cardiac Surgery

EDITED BY CONSTANTINE MAVROUDIS, MD Director, Congenital Heart Institute, Florida Hospital for Children Site Director, Johns Hopkins Children's Heart Surgery, Florida Hospital for Children, Orlando, FL, USA CARL L. BACKER, MD Division Head, Cardiovascular-Thoracic Surgery, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago Professor of Surgery, Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA

List of Contributors, vii Preface, xiii Chapter 1 Development of the Heart and Great Vessels, 1 Peter J. Gruber, Andy Wessels, and Steven W. Kubalak Chapter 2 Nomenclature and Classifi cation of Pediatric and Congenital Heart Disease, 27 Jeffrey P. Jacobs Chapter 3 Physiology of the Fetal and Neonatal Circulations and Fetal Cardiac Surgery, 52 Ashok Muralidaran, Vadiyala Mohan Reddy, and Frank L. Hanley Chapter 4 Preoperative Diagnostic Evaluation, 60 Lourdes R. Prieto, Marcy L. Schwartz, Richard Sterba, Janine Arruda, and Tamar J. Preminger Chapter 5 Hybrid Procedures for Congenital Heart Disease, 84 Mark Galantowicz, John P. Cheatham, Alistair Phillips, Ralf J. Holzer, Sharon L. Hill, and Vincent F. Olshove Chapter 6 Anesthesia for the Patient with Congenital Heart Disease, 103 H. Jay Przybylo Chapter 7 Perioperative Care, 113 Carl L. Backer, John M. Costello, Jason M. Kane, and Constantine Mavroudis Chapter 8 The Nurse Practitioner's Role in Patient Management, 143 Nancy Benson, Denise Davis, Fejeania Hunter, Kim Teknipp, and Jamie Thomas Chapter 9 Palliative Operations, 155 Carl L. Backer and Constantine Mavroudis Chapter 10 Management of Pediatric Cardiopulmonary Bypass, 169 Darryl H. Berkowitz and J. William Gaynor Chapter 11 Intraoperative Myocardial Protection, 214 Paul J. Chai Chapter 12 Patent Ductus Arteriosus, 225 Muhammad Ali Mumtaz, Athar Qureshi, Constantine Mavroudis, and Carl L. Backer Chapter 13 Vascular Rings and Pulmonary Artery Sling, 234 Carl L. Backer and Constantine Mavroudis Chapter 14 Coarctation of the Aorta, 256 Carl L. Backer, Sunjay Kaushal, and Constantine Mavroudis Chapter 15 Interrupted Aortic Arch, 283 Richard A. Jonas Chapter 16 Atrial Septal Defect, Partial Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connection, and Scimitar Syndrome, 295 Carl L. Backer and Constantine Mavroudis Chapter 17 Ventricular Septal Defect, 311 Constantine Mavroudis, Carl L. Backer, Jeffrey P. Jacobs, and Robert H. Anderson Chapter 18 Atrioventricular Canal Defects, 342 Carl L. Backer and Constantine Mavroudis Chapter 19 Truncus Arteriosus, 361 Constantine Mavroudis and Carl L. Backer Chapter 20 Aortopulmonary Window and Aortic Origin of a Pulmonary Artery, 376 Stephanie Fuller and J. William Gaynor Chapter 21 Isolated Right Ventricular Outfl ow Tract Obstruction, 385 John M. Karamichalis, Jeffrey R. Darst, Max B. Mitchell, and David R. Clarke Chapter 22 Tetralogy of Fallot, 410 Robert D. Stewart, Constantine Mavroudis, and Carl L. Backer Chapter 23 Surgical Treatment of Pulmonary Atresia with Ventricular Septal Defect, 428 Vadiyala Mohan Reddy and Frank L. Hanley Chapter 24 Ventricular to Pulmonary Artery Conduits, 443 John W. Brown, Osama M. Eltayeb, Mark Ruzmetov, Mark D. Rodefeld, and Mark W. Turrentine Chapter 25 Double-Outlet Ventricles, 457 Henry L. Walters III and Constantine Mavroudis Chapter 26 Transposition of the Great Arteries, 492 Constantine Mavroudis and Carl L. Backer Chapter 27 Congenitally Corrected Transposition of the Great Arteries, 530 Eric J. Devaney and Edward L. Bove Chapter 28 The Functionally Univentricular Heart and Fontan's Operation, 542 Marshall L. Jacobs Chapter 29 Ebstein Anomaly, 571 Morgan L. Brown and Joseph A. Dearani Chapter 30 Left Ventricular Outfl ow Tract Obstruction, 588 Christo I. Tchervenkov, Pierre-Luc Bernier, Danny Del Duca, Samantha Hill, Noritaka Ota, and Constantine Mavroudis Chapter 31 Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome, 619 Jennifer C. Hirsch, Eric J. Devaney, Richard G. Ohye, and Edward L. Bove Chapter 32 Aortico-Left Ventricular Tunnel, 636 Stephanie Fuller and Thomas L. Spray Chapter 33 Congenital Anomalies of the Mitral Valve, 640 Richard D. Mainwaring and John J. Lamberti Chapter 34 Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connection, 659 Nicola Viola and Christopher A. Caldarone Chapter 35 Cor Triatriatum Sinister, Pulmonary Vein Stenosis, Atresia of the Common Pulmonary Vein, and Cor Triatriatum Dexter, 674 Ralph E. Delius and Henry L. Walters III Chapter 36 Anomalous Systemic Venous Connections, 685 Henry L. Walters III and Ralph E. Delius Chapter 37 Sinus of Valsalva Aneurysm, 704 W. Steves Ring Chapter 38 Coronary Artery Anomalies, 715 Constantine Mavroudis, Ali Dodge-Khatami, Carl L. Backer, and Richard Lorber Chapter 39 Cardiac Tumors, 744 Rudiger Lange and Thomas Gunther Chapter 40 Diseases of the Pericardium, 758 Victor O. Morell and Ergin Kocyildirim Chapter 41 Surgical Therapy of Cardiac Arrhythmias, 769 Constantine Mavroudis, Barbara J. Deal, and Carl L. Backer Chapter 42 Heart Transplantation, 813 Joseph W. Rossano, David L.S. Morales, and Charles D. Fraser Jr Chapter 43 Pediatric Lung and Heart-Lung Transplantation, 827 Dewei Ren, George B. Mallory Jr, David L.S. Morales, and Jeffrey S. Heinle Chapter 44 Infective Endocarditis, 845 Muhammad Ali Mumtaz, Lara Danziger-Isakov, Constantine Mavroudis, and Carl L. Backer Chapter 45 Pediatric Mechanical Circulatory Support, 856 Brian W. Duncan Chapter 46 Adult Congenital Heart Disease, 867 Stamatia Prapa, Konstantinos Dimopoulos, Darryl F. Shore, Mario Petrou, and Michael A. Gatzoulis Index, 910 Color plate section facing p. 594