Chagas Disease (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Chagas Disease, Part B 4
Copyright 5
Contents of Volume 76 6
Contents of Volume 75 10
Contributors of Volume 76 16
Preface 22
References 26
Chapter 1: Bioactive Lipids in Trypanosoma cruzi Infection 28
1.1. Introduction 30
1.2. Eicosanoid Synthesis in Vertebrates 31
1.3. Lipid Metabolism and Eicosanoid Biosynthetic Pathways in Trypanosoma cruzi 37
1.4. Endogenous Regulation of Eicosanoids During Experimental Chagas Disease 39
1.5. Lessons from Pharmacological Manipulation and from Null Mice 44
Acknowledgements 50
References 51
Chapter 2: Mechanisms of Host Cell Invasion by Trypanosoma cruzi 60
2.1. Introduction 61
2.2. General Features of Trypanosoma cruzi Invasion 63
2.3. To the Lysosome and Beyond 68
2.4. Disruption of the Parasitophorous Vacuole Membrane and Cytosolic Localization of Parasites 76
2.5. The Role of the Host Cell Cytoskeleton in Trypanosoma cruzi Trypomastigote Invasion of Non-Phagocytic Cells... 78
2.6. The Discovery of Reversible Invasion 80
2.7. Concluding Remarks 81
References 81
Chapter 3: Gap Junctions and Chagas Disease 90
3.1. Introduction 91
3.2. Loss of Gap Junctions and Coupling in Rodent Chagasic Cardiomyopathy 93
3.3. Not All Junctional Proteins are Affected by Trypanosoma cruzi Infection 101
3.4. Microarray Experiments have Revealed Profound Changes in Gene Expression in the Chagasic Mouse, Both in Acute and in Chro 101
3.5. Conclusions 103
References 106
Chapter 4: The Vasculature in Chagas Disease 110
4.1. Historical Aspects 111
4.2. Small Animal Studies of the Microcirculation in Trypanosoma cruzi Infection 113
4.3. Studies in Dogs 115
4.4. Vasoactive Peptides and Eicosanoids 116
4.5. In Vitro Studies 118
4.6. Studies in Humans 119
4.7. Conclusions 121
Acknowledgements 122
References 122
Chapter 5: Infection-Associated Vasculopathy in Experimental Chagas Disease: Pathogenic Roles of Endothelin and Kinin Pathway 128
5.1. Introduction 130
5.2. A Brief Overview on the Immunopathogenesis of Chagas Disease 130
5.3. Future Directions 145
Acknowledgements 147
References 147
Chapter 6: Autoimmunity 156
6.1. Introduction 157
6.2. Natural History of Chagas Disease 161
6.3. Heart-Specific Inflammatory Lesions in CCC: Parasite Antigen-Driven Immunopathology? 161
6.4. Immunopathogenesis of CCC 162
6.5. Autoimmunity in Chagas Disease 164
6.6. Molecular Mimicry 167
6.7. Conclusion 169
References 171
Chapter 7: ROS Signalling of Inflammatory Cytokines During Trypanosoma cruzi Infection 180
7.1. Reactive Oxygen Species and Source 181
7.2. Inflammatory Cytokines During Trypanosoma cruzi Infection and Chagas Disease 183
7.3. ROS Signalling of Cytokine Responses 185
7.4. The Impact of Oxidative Stress and Cytokine Mediators and Cardiac Dysfunction 187
7.5. Conclusions and Future Directions 189
Acknowledgements 190
References 191
Chapter 8: Inflammation and Chagas Disease: Some Mechanisms and Relevance 198
8.1. The Multiple Roles of Inflammation in Chagas Disease 199
8.2. Experimental Models for Studying Inflammation and Immune Mechanisms in Chagas Disease 200
8.3. Mediators of Protection in Experimental Trypanosoma cruzi Infection 203
8.4. Mediators of Inflammation and Their Role in Mediating Tissue Damage and Protection in Experimental Trypanosoma cruzi Infection 204
8.5. Conclusion 213
Acknowledgements 214
References 214
Chapter 9: Neurodegeneration and Neuroregeneration in Chagas Disease 222
9.1. Introduction 223
9.2. Involvement of the Autonomic Nervous System in CD Pathogenesis 224
9.3. Mechanism of Neuronal Damage 229
9.4. Neuroregeneration 233
9.5. Trans-Sialidase/Parasite-Derived Neurotrophic Factor 236
9.6. Conclusions 247
References 248
Chapter 10: Adipose Tissue, Diabetes and Chagas Disease 262
10.1. Introduction 263
10.2. Adiponectin 264
10.3. Adipose Tissue and Infection 267
10.4. Chagas Disease and Adipose Tissue 268
10.5. Chagas Disease and Glycaemia 272
10.6. Conclusions 273
Acknowledgements 273
References 273
Contents of Volumes in this Series 278
Index 290
Colour Plate 296