Inorganic Chemistry (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Inorganic Chemistry: An Industrial and Environmental Perspective 4
Copyright Page 5
Contents 8
Preface 16
Chapter 1. Importance of Inorganic Chemistry 18
1.1 Historical Overview 18
1.2 Occurrence and Uses of the Commonest Elements 22
Chapter 2. Chemical Energetics 28
2.1 Kinetics and Thermodynamics 28
2.2 Activities in Electrolyte Solutions 29
2.3 Equilibrium and Energy 31
2.4 Temperature and Pressure Effects on Equilibrium 35
2.5 Chemical Kinetics: Basic Principles 40
2.6 Ionization Potential and Electron Affinity 44
2.7 Electronegativity and Bond Energies 46
2.8 Electronegativity and Chemical Properties 49
2.9 Hard and Soft Acids and Bases 51
2.10 Multiple Bonding and Its Chemical Consequences 53
2.11 Explosives and Propellants 54
Chapter 3. Catenation Inorganic Macromolecules 68
3.1 Factors Favoring Catenation 68
3.2 Homocatenation of Carbon 69
3.3 Boron Nitride 75
3.4 Homocatenation of Sulfur 76
3.5 Catenation of Silicon 77
3.6 Phosphazenes 80
Chapter 4. Crystalline Solids 86
4.1 Determination of Crystal Structure 86
4.2 Bonding in Solids 88
4.3 The Close Packing Concept 91
4.4 Binary Ionic Solids: Common Structural Types 96
4.5 Radius Ratio Rules 100
4.6 Ionic Solids and Close Packing 102
4.7 Energetics of Ionic Compounds 105
Chapter 5. The Defect Solid State 112
5.1 Inevitability of Crystal Defects 112
5.2 Main Types of Crystal Defects 113
5.3 Impurity Defects and Semiconduction 116
5.4 Nonstoichiometry 117
5.5 Metal Oxides and Sulfides as Extrinsic Semiconductors 119
5.6 Mechanism of Scaling of Metals 120
5.7 Interstitial Compounds 125
Chapter 6. Inorganic Solids as Heterogeneous Catalysts 132
6.1 Heterogeneous Catalysis 132
6.2 Transition Metals as Catalysts 136
6.3 Defect Oxides and Sulfides in Catalysis 138
6.4 Catalysis by Stoichiometric Oxides 140
6.5 Photocatalysis by Inorganic Solids 141
Chapter 7. Silicates. Aluminates. and Phosphates 146
7.1 Silicate Structures 146
7.2 Aluminosilicates 150
7.3 Zeolites 151
7.4 Clays 157
7.5 Silica and Silicate Glasses 159
7.6 Soluble Silicates and Aluminates 162
7.7 Phosphates and Aluminophosphates 164
Chapter 8. The Atmosphere and Atmospheric Pollution 170
8.1 Carbon Dioxide and Greenhouse Gases 170
8.2 Carbon Monoxide 176
8.3 Ozone 177
8.4 Nitrogen Oxides 181
8.5 Sulfur Dioxide and Trioxide 185
Chapter 9. Nitrogen. Phosphorus. and Potash in Agriculture 196
9.1 Natural Sources of Fixed Nitrogen 197
9.2 Direct Combination of Nitrogen and Oxygen 198
9.3 Ammonia Synthesis 198
9.4 Nitric Acid and Ammonium Nitrate 200
9.5 Sulfates 202
9.6 Phosphates 202
9.7 Potash 204
Chapter 10. Sulfur and Sulfur Compounds 208
10.1 Elemental Sulfur 208
10.2 Sulfuric Acid 210
10.3 Other Products from Elemental Sulfur 212
10.4 Sulfur Chemicals in the Pulp and Paper Industry 212
Chapter 11. Alkalis and Related Products 222
11.1 Lime Burning 222
11.2 Cement and Concrete 224
11.3 Soda Ash 228
11.4 Caustic Soda: The Chloralkali Industry 229
Chapter 12. The Halogens 238
12.1 The Chlorine Controversy 238
12.2 Oxides and Oxoacids of Chlorine 240
12.3 Fluorine and Fluorine Compounds 243
12.4 Bromine and Iodine 248
Chapter 13. Ions in Solution 254
13.1 Energetics of Solvation 254
13.2 Metal Complexes 258
13.3 Chelation 261
13.4 Stability Constants 266
13.5 Uses of Complexing Agents 267
13.6 Hydrolysis of Aqueous Cations 273
Chapter 14. Water Conditioning 280
14.1 Importance of Water Treatment 280
14.2 Suspended and Colloidal Matter 281
14.3 Origin and Effects of Dissolved Solids 282
14.4 Treatment for Dissolved Solids 285
14.5 Sewage Treatment 294
14.6 Dissolved Gases 295
14.7 Bacteria and Algae 296
Chapter 15. Oxidation and Reduction in Solution 302
15.1 Galvanic Cells 302
15.2 Manipulation and Use of Electrode Potentials 307
15.3 Pourbaix (Eh–pH) Diagrams 312
15.4 Kinetic Aspects of Electrochemistry: Overpotential 318
15.5 Fuel Cells 324
15.6 Electrochemical Energy Storage Cells 332
15.7 Electrolysis, Electroplating, and Electroforming 336
Chapter 16. Corrosion of Metals 344
16.1 Bimetallic Corrosion 344
16.2 Single-Metal Corrosion 348
16.3 Role of Oxide Films 351
16.4 Crevice and Intergranular Corrosion 353
16.5 Corrosion by Acids and with Complexing Agents 356
16.6 Role of Overpotential in Corrosion 359
16.7 Control of Corrosion 364
16.8 Stainless Steels 370
Chapter 17. Extractive Metallurgy 374
17.1 Gravity and Flotation Methods of Ore Concentration 374
17.2 Hydrometallurgical Concentration and Separation 375
17.3 Solvent Extraction and Ion-Exchange Separations 378
17.4 Separations Utilizing Special Properties 384
17.5 Electrolytic Reduction of Concentrate 385
17.6 Chemical Reduction of Concentrate 387
17.7 Pyrometallurgy of Oxides 392
17.8 Pyrometallurgy of Halides and Sulfides 399
Chapter 18. Organometallics 408
18.1 Alkyl Compounds of Some Main Group Metals 409
18.2 Organotransition Metal Compounds 412
18.3 Transition Metal Complexes as Homogeneous Catalysts 416
18.4 Olefin Polymerization Catalysts 420
Chapter 19. Some Newer Solid-state Technologies 428
19.1 Sol–Gel Science 428
19.2 Materials for Electronics 433
19.3 Magnetic Materials and Superconductors 439
Appendix A. Useful Constants 448
Appendix B. The Chemical Elements: Standard Atomic Masses 450
Appendix C. Chemical Thermodynamic Data 454
Appendix D. Standard Electrode Potentials for Aqueous Solutions 468
Appendix E. Nomenclature of Coordination Compounds 474
Appendix F. Ionic Radii 476
Index 478