Bioimpedance and Bioelectricity Basics (eBook)

Cover 1
Contents 6
Preface 12
Chapter 1. Introduction 16
Chapter 2. Electrolytics 18
2.1. Ionic and electronic dc conduction 18
2.2. The basic electrolytic experiment 22
2.3. Bulk electrolytic dc conductance 26
2.4. Interphase phenomena 37
2.5. Electrodics and ac phenomena 50
Chapter 3. Dielectrics 66
3.1. Polarisation in a uniform dielectric 67
3.2. The basic capacitor experiment 72
3.3. Complex permittivity 74
3.4. Ac polarisation and relaxation in a uniform dielectric 78
3.5. Interfacial polarisation 88
3.6. The basic membrane experiment 94
3.7. The basic suspension experiment 96
3.8. Dispersion and dielectric spectroscopy 98
Chapter 4. Electrical properties of tissue 102
4.1. Basic biomaterials 102
4.2. The cell 109
4.3. Tissue and organs 114
4.4. Special electrical properties 134
Chapter 5. Geometrical analysis 142
5.1. The forward and inverse problems 144
5.2. Monopole and dipole sources 144
5.3. Recording leads 153
5.4. Three- and four-electrode systems 158
5.5. Finite-element method 162
5.6. Tomography and plethysmography 164
Chapter 6. Instrumentation and measurement 168
6.1. General network theory, the black box 168
6.2. Signals and measurement 174
6.3. Bridges, impedance analysers, lock-in amplifiers 202
Chapter 7. Data and models 210
7.1. Models, descriptive and explanatory 210
7.2. Equations and equivalent circuits 216
7.3. Data calculation and presentation 247
Chapter 8. Selected applications 256
8.1. Electrodes, design and properties 257
8.2. ECG 283
8.3. Impedance plethysmography 285
8.4. EEG, ENG/ERG/EOG 290
8.5. Electrogastrography (EGG) 291
8.6. EMG and neurography 291
8.7. Electrotherapy 292
8.8. Body composition 297
8.9. Cardiac pacing 299
8.10. Defibrillation and electroshock 300
8.11. Electrosurgery 302
8.12. Cell suspensions 305
8.13. Skin and keratinised tissues 309
8.14. Threshold of perception, hazards 316
Chapter 9. History of bioimpedance and bioelectricity 328
Chapter 10. Appendix 336
10.1. Vectors and scalars, complex numbers 336
10.2. Equivalent circuit equations 340
10.3. Global symbols 346
10.4. Physical dimensions 346
References and further reading 350
Index 362