Physiological Systems in Insects (eBook)

Front cover 1
Physiological Systems in Insects 4
Copyright page 5
Table of contents 6
Preface 10
CHAPTER 1: Endocrine Systems 12
TYPES OF HORMONE RELEASE SITES IN INSECTS 13
EARLY EXPERIMENTS THAT SET THE STAGE FOR OUR CURRENT UNDERSTANDING 15
TYPE OF HORMONES IN INSECTS 18
PROTHORACICOTROPIC HORMONE 24
ECDYSTEROIDS 29
THE JUVENILE HORMONES 43
OTHER NEUROPEPTIDES FOUND IN INSECTS 58
VERTEBRATE-TYPE HORMONES IN INSECTS 59
REFERENCES 60
CHAPTER 2: Integumentary Systems 86
INSECT GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT 88
STRATEGIES FOR GROWTH 88
ORIGINS OF HOLOMETABOLY 91
INSTARS, STADIA, AND HIDDEN PHASES 92
STRUCTURE OF THE INTEGUMENT 94
MODIFIED FEATURES OF THE INTEGUMENT 99
CHEMISTRY OF THE CUTICLE 101
THE MOLTING PROCESS 113
ENDOCRINE CONTROL OF MOLTING 116
ENDOCRINE CONTROL OF GROWTH 117
ENDOCRINE CONTROL OF METAMORPHOSIS 120
METAMORPHOSIS AND THE RADICALLY CHANGING CUTICLE 124
REFERENCES 132
CHAPTER 3: Developmental Systems 148
INSECT EGGS 148
EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT 158
REFERENCES 175
CHAPTER 4: Reproductive Systems 192
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS 193
VITELLOGENESIS 202
ENDOCRINOLOGY OF FEMALE REPRODUCTION 206
OVULATION, FERTILIZATION, AND OVIPOSITION 211
MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS 214
UNCONVENTIONAL METHODS OF INSECT REPRODUCTION 225
MATING SYSTEMS 231
REFERENCES 234
CHAPTER 5: Behavioral Systems 250
WAYS OF LOOKING AT BEHAVIOR 251
GENETIC BASIS OF INSECT BEHAVIOR 252
PHYSIOLOGY OF LEARNING AND MEMORY 256
HORMONAL REGULATION OF BEHAVIOR 261
PHYSIOLOGY OF CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS 264
INSECT SLEEP AND AROUSAL PATTERNS 268
PHYSIOLOGY OF SYNCHRONOUS BEHAVIOR 268
PHYSIOLOGY OF POLYPHENISMS 269
PHYSIOLOGY OF TEMPORAL POLYETHISMS 272
PHYSIOLOGY OF BEHAVIORS ACCOMPANYING METAMORPHOSIS 273
PHYSIOLOGY OF ECLOSION BEHAVIORS 276
PHYSIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIORS 280
PHYSIOLOGY OF BEHAVIORAL MODULATION BY PARASITES 282
REFERENCES 283
CHAPTER 6: Metabolic Systems 304
THE INSECT ALIMENTARY TRACT 305
BASIC GUT STRUCTURE 307
METABOLIC PROCESSES IN INSECTS 324
DIAPAUSE AS A METABOLIC PROCESS 346
REFERENCES 349
CHAPTER 7: Circulatory Systems 368
STRUCTURE OF THE INSECT CIRCULATORY SYSTEM 369
IMMUNE MECHANISMS IN INSECTS 383
THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM AND TEMPERATURE VARIATIONS 394
REFERENCES 399
CHAPTER 8: Excretory Systems 414
MAJOR EXCRETORY PRODUCTS IN INSECTS 415
MALPIGHIAN TUBULES 420
MECHANISM OF MALPIGHIAN TUBULE SECRETION 424
HINDGUT AND RECTUM 426
CRYPTONEPHRIDIAL SYSTEM 427
FILTER CHAMBER 429
HORMONAL CONTROL OF EXCRETION AND OSMOREGULATION 430
STORAGE EXCRETION 433
OTHER FUNCTIONS OF THE MALPIGHIAN TUBULES 434
REFERENCES 434
CHAPTER 9: Respiratory Systems 444
BRINGING OXYGEN TO INSECT CELLS 444
THE TRACHEAL SYSTEM 448
MODIFICATIONS THAT INCREASE OXYGEN UPTAKE 456
NONRESPIRATORY FUNCTIONS OF TRACHEAL SYSTEMS 458
DISCONTINUOUS GAS EXCHANGE 458
AQUATIC RESPIRATION 460
REFERENCES 466
CHAPTER 10: Locomotor Systems 474
BASIC STRUCTURE OF INSECT MUSCLES 475
TYPES OF INSECT MUSCLES 485
EVOLUTION OF INSECT WINGS 496
MUSCLES INVOLVED IN WING MOVEMENTS 502
FLIGHT MUSCLE METABOLISM 511
TERRESTRIAL LOCOMOTION 516
REFERENCES 523
CHAPTER 11: Nervous Systems 534
BASIC COMPONENTS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM 535
EVOLUTION AND STRUCTURE OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM 544
THE VISCERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM 548
SENSING THE ENVIRONMENT 549
VISUAL RECEPTORS 571
VISUAL PIGMENTS 584
MAGNETIC SENSITIVITY 589
REFERENCES 590
CHAPTER 12: Communication Systems 608
VISUAL COMMUNICATION 609
ACOUSTICAL COMMUNICATION 614
TACTILE COMMUNICATION 622
CHEMICAL COMMUNICATION 623
PHEROMONES 624
RELEASER PHEROMONES 627
PHEROMONE SYNTHESIS AND RELEASE 630
ALLELOCHEMICALS 633
PRIMER PHEROMONES 638
THE MULTICOMPONENT NATURE OF BEE COMMUNICATION 639
REFERENCES 641
Glossary 654
Index 672