Fish Respiration (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Fish Respiration 4
Copyright Page 5
CONTENTS 6
Contributors 10
Preface 12
Part I: Red Blood Cell Physiology and Biochemistry 14
Chapter 1. Hemoglobin Structure and Function 14
I. Introduction 14
II. Basic Structure of Vertebrate Hemoglobins 15
III. Ligand Binding to the Heme Groups and Its Allosteric Regulation 18
IV. The Bohr Groups 21
V. Hydrogen Ion Equilibria 21
VI. Binding of CO2 25
VII. Binding of Organic Phosphates 26
VIII. Molecular Basis for the Root Effect 27
IX. Temperature Effect 31
X. Adaptation of Hemoglobin Function 33
XI. Hemoglobin Multiplicity 35
XII. Oxidation of Hemoglobin 40
XIII. Interactions of Hemoglobin with Membrane Proteins 43
References 45
Chapter 2. Red Blood Cell Metabolism 54
I. Introduction 54
II. Methodology 55
III. Metabolism of Mammalian Red Blood Cells 59
IV. Metabolic Poise of Fish Red Blood Cells 62
V. Transport of Metabolic Fuels 67
VI. The Influence of Catecholamines, Oxygen Status, and Intracellular pH Regulation on Red Cell Metabolism 75
VII. Epilogue 81
References 82
Chapter 3. Carbonic Anhydrase and Respiratory Gas Exchange 88
I. Introduction 88
II. The Catalytic Mechanism of CA 89
III. Tissue and Isozyme Distribution 90
IV. CA and Respiratory Gas Exchange: CO2 Transport and Excretion 96
V. Ammonia as a Respiratory Gas 101
VI. Plasma Inhibitors of Carbonic Anhydrase 104
VII. Analytical Techniques 109
VIII. Summary 116
References 116
Part II: Oxygen 126
Chapter 4. The Physiology of the Root Effect 126
I. Introduction 126
II. Occurrence of the Root Effect 128
III. Characterization of the Root Effect 130
IV. Root Effect and Swim Bladder Function 133
V. Oxygen-Concentrating Mechanisms in the Fish Eye 139
VI. Adrenergic Effects 144
References 147
Chapter 5. Oxygen Transport in Fish 154
I. Introduction 154
II. Hemoglobin Function: Basic Principles 156
III. Regulation of Hemoglobin Function by Changes in Erythrocytic Organic Phosphate Concentrations 158
IV. Effects of Cellular Hemoglobin Concentration and Red Cell Volume on Oxygen Transport 162
V. Regulation of Erythrocyte Volume 163
VI. Effects of Protons on Hemoglobin Function 168
VII. Control of Erythrocyte pH 170
VIII. Hemoglobin Oxidation 175
IX. Responses of Hemoglobin Function to Changes in the External and the Internal Environment of Fish 176
References 187
Chapter 6. Hematocrit and Blood Oxygen-Carrying Capacity 198
I. Introduction 198
II. The Influence of Sampling Methodology on Hematocrit 200
III. Interspecific Diversity in Hematocrit Values 219
IV. Intraspecific Regulation of Hematocrit 222
V. Critique of the Optimal Hematocrit Theory 228
VI. Conclusions 232
References 232
Part III: Carbon Dioxide and Acid–Base Balance 242
Chapter 7. Carbon Dioxide Transport and Excretion 242
I. Introduction 242
II. Carriage of CO2 in Blood 243
III. Carbon Dioxide Transport and Excretion 249
IV. Future Directions 285
References 286
Chapter 8. The Linkage between Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Transport 296
I. Introduction 296
II. Fundamental Basis for the Linkage 297
III. Hb Characteristics That Influence the Magnitude of the Linkage 301
IV. Physiological Basis for the Linkage 307
V. Conclusion 325
References 326
Chapter 9. Causes and Consequences of Acid–Base Disequilibria 334
I. Introduction 334
II. Postbranchial Disequilibria 335
III. Prebranchial Disequilibria 350
IV. Consequences of Acid–Base Disequilibria 352
References 356
Index 362
Other Volumes in the Fish Physiology Series 368