Cyclic GMP: Synthesis, Metabolism, and Function (eBook)

Cover 1
Contents 6
Chapter 1. Introduction and Some Historical Comments Ferid Murad 18
References 22
Chapter 2. Cloning of Guanylyl Cyclase Isoforms 24
I. Introduction 24
II. Cloning of Particulate Guanylyl Cyclases 24
III. Cloning of Soluble Guanylyl Cyclases 28
IV. Summary 30
References 32
Chapter 3. Regulation of Cytosolic Guanylyl Cyclase by Nitric Oxide: The NO–Cyclic GMP Signal Transduction System 36
I. Introduction 36
II. Effects of Nitric Oxide on Cyclic GMP Synthesis and Smooth Muscle Relaxation 38
III. Effects of Endothelial-Derived Relaxing Factor on Cyclic GMP Formation 43
IV. Nitric Oxide Formation 44
V. Summary 47
References 47
Chapter 4. Regulation of Cytosolic Guanylyl Cyclase by Porphyrins and Metalloporphyrins 52
I. Introduction and Overview 52
II. Studies Leading to the Discovery That Protoporphyrin IX Activates Guanylate Cyclase 54
III. Kinetic Mechanisms by Which Protoporphyrin IX Activates Guanylate Cyclase and Similarity to Nitric Oxide–Heme Complex 60
IV. Role of Copper Bound to Guanylate Cyclase 62
V. Mechanism by Which Phenylhydrazine Activates Guanylate Cyclase 63
VI. Structure–Activity Relationships Involving Porphyrins and Metalloporphyrins 67
VII. Regulation of Guanylate Cyclase Activity by Porphyrins and Metalloporphyrins 71
VIII. Nitric Oxide–Heme Exchange between Hemoproteins and Guanylate Cyclase 75
IX. Summary and Conclusions 78
References 79
Chapter 5. Regulation of Particulate Guanylate Cyclase by Natriuretic Peptides and Escherichiu coli Heat-Stable Enterotoxin 84
I. Introduction 84
II. Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) Receptors 86
III. Heat-Stable Enterotoxin (ST) Receptor 91
IV. Particulate Guanylate Cyclase-Cyclic GMP Second Messenger System 98
References 99
Chapter 6. Cyclic GMP and Regulation of Cyclic Nucleotide Hydrolysis 104
I. Introduction 104
II. Ca2+/CaM-Dependent PDE Family 108
III. Cyclic GMP-Specific PDE Family 113
IV. Cyclic GMP-Stimulated Phosphodiesterase Family 116
V. Cyclic GMP-Inhibited PDE Family 121
VI. Summary 124
References 124
Chapter 7. Progress in Understanding the Mechanism and Function of Cyclic GMP-Dependent Protein Kinase 132
I. Introduction 132
II. Tissue Distribution of Cyclic GMP Kinase 134
III. Isozymes 135
IV. Nonmammalian Cyclic GMP Kinases 141
V. General Structure 141
VI. Microheterogeneity 143
VII. Domain Structures and Functions 145
VIII. Physiological Function 166
IX. Cross-Activation 173
X. Concluding Remarks 176
References 176
Chapter 8. Effects of Cyclic GMP on Smooth Muscle Relaxation 188
I. Introduction 188
II. Isoforms of Guanylyl Cyclase Present in Smooth Muscle 189
III. Mechanism of Cyclic GMP-Mediated Smooth Muscle Relaxation 197
IV. Summary 201
References 202
Chapter 9. Interrelationships of Cyclic GMP, Inositol Phosphates, and Calcium 212
I. Introduction 212
II. Cyclic GMP Effects on Calcium 213
III. Cyclic GMP Effect on Ins(1,4,5)P3 Production 224
References 226
Chapter 10. Cyclic GMP Regulation of Calcium Slow Channels in Cardiac Muscle and Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells 234
I. Introduction and Overview 234
II. Cardiac Muscle 237
III. Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells 247
IV. Skeletal Muscle Fibers 262
V. Summary 263
References 263
Chapter 11. Effect of Cyclic GMP on Intestinal Transport 270
I. Introduction 270
II. Synthesis of Cyclic GMP in the Intestine 271
III. Effects of Cyclic GMP on Intestinal Transport in Mammals 274
IV. Effects of Cyclic GMP on Intestinal Transport in Winter Flounder 280
V. Mechanisms of Cyclic GMP Action in the Intestine 280
VI. Intestinal Form of Cyclic GMP-Dependent Protein Kinase (Type II) 284
VII. The CFTR C Channel and Its Regulation by Cyclic GMP 287
VIII. Function of Cyclic GMP-Induced Electrolyte and Fluid Secretion in the Intestine 290
References 292
Chapter 12. Cyclic GMP in Lower Forms 302
I. Introduction 302
II. Bacteria 303
III. Slime Molds and Fungi 304
IV. Cyclic GMP in the Protozoans Tetrahymena and Paramecium 309
V. Cyclic GMP in Other Lower Forms 314
References 315
Chapter 13. Clinical Relationships of Cyclic GMP 322
I. Introduction 322
II. Cyclic GMP Measurements in Healthy Humans 322
III. Cyclic GMP Measurements in Essential Hypertension 330
IV. Use of Cyclic GMP Measurements as a Tool in Other Diseases 332
V. Conclusions 333
References 334
Chapter 14. Future Directions 338
References 341
Index 342