Advances in Geophysics (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Advances in Geophysics, Volume 23 4
Copyright Page 5
Contents 6
List of Contributors 8
Chapter 1. Thermal Evolution of the Earth: Some Recent Developments 10
1. Introduction 10
2. Thermal History Models 12
3. Core Formation 23
4. Conclusions and Future Work 28
References 29
Chapter 2. Experimental Methods of Rock Magnetism and Paleomagnetism 34
1. Introduction 34
2. Natural Remanent Magnetization 38
3. Artificial or Laboratory-Imparted Remanent Magnetizations 65
4. Parameters Measured in the Presence of a Field 85
5. Future Trends 101
References 104
Chapter 3. Circulation in the Coastal Ocean 110
1. Introduction 110
2. Wind-Driven Transient Currents 112
3. Upwelling, Downwelling, and Coastal Jets 128
4. Trapped Waves and Propagating Fronts 135
5. Steady Currents 148
6. Conclusion 185
References 186
Chapter 4. Mesoscale Numerical Modeling 194
1. Introduction 195
2. Basic Set of Equations 196
3. Simplification of the Basic Equations 198
4. Averaging the Conservation Relations 207
5. Types of Models 213
6. Coordinate Representation 230
7. Planetary Boundary-Layer Parameterization 235
8. Radiation Parameterization 248
9. Moist Thermodynamics 257
10. Methods of Solution 262
11. Boundary and Initial Conditions 278
12. Model Evaluation 294
13. Examples of Mesoscale Models 299
14. Conclusions 326
References 330
Chapter 5. The Predictability Problem: Effects of Stochastic Perturbations in Multiequilibrium Systems 354
1. Introduction 354
2. The Predictability Problem 356
3. Prototype Model and Mathematical Concepts 358
4. Computational Techniques 368
5. Numerical Results 369
6. Concluding Remarks 383
Appendix 385
References 390
Index 394