Comprehensive and Molecular Phytopathology (eBook)

Cover 1
Copyright page 5
Contents 6
Preface 10
Contributors 13
Part 1: Introduction to molecular phytopathology 14
Chapter 0: Overview on parasitism 16
Types of host–parasite relationship 16
Features of parasites 17
Selected Literature 30
Chapter 1: Plant parasite microorganisms 32
Fungal plant pathogens 32
Bacterial plant pathogens 38
Plant viruses and viral plant diseases 41
Parasitic nematodes as plant pathogens 52
Selected Literature 60
Chapter 2: Structural basis of plant–pathogen interactions 62
Alterations of plant and pathogen structures during infection process 62
Structural features of the plant cell response to infections 72
Biotrophic infections 72
Necrotrophic infections 77
Conclusion 84
Selected Literature 85
Chapter 3: Advanced methods of plant pathogen diagnostics 88
Antigen–antibody interaction-based diagnostics 89
Diagnostics based on nucleic acid analysis 108
Conclusion 122
Using plant pathogen metabolites in diagnostics and research of plant–pathogen relationships 123
Selected Literature 129
Chapter 4: Phenomenology of plant–parasite relations 130
Types of resistance 130
Genetics of resistance 131
Phenotypic manifestation of resistance 135
Relations with parasites 140
Selected Literature 148
Part 2: Biochemistry and molecular biology of plant–parasite relations 150
Chapter 5: Horizontal pathosystem: parasite attack factors 152
Biosynthetic processes during fungal differentiation and penetration 152
Suppression of plant defenses 163
Changes in metabolism of infected cells and tissues 168
Transport in the plant 170
Selected Literature 172
Chapter 6: Horizontal pathosystem: resistance factors 174
Anatomical–morphological resistance factors 174
Regulation of ontogenesis and damage reparation 175
Nutrient value of infected organs and tissues 176
Biochemical resistance factors 177
Selected Literature 192
Chapter 7: Vertical pathosystem: avirulence genes and their products 194
Molecular interpretation of genetic data 194
Abiogenic elicitors 200
Nonspecific biogenic elicitors 200
Endogenous plant or secondary elicitors 206
Avirulence genes and specific elicitors 213
Selected Literature 228
Chapter 8: Vertical pathosystem: resistance genes and their products. Signal transduction 230
Resistance genes and susceptibility genes 230
Signal transduction 240
Conclusion 256
Selected Literature 258
Chapter 9: Hypersensitivity 260
Morphological alterations in cells during apoptosis and necrosis 261
Genes involved in plant cell death – paranoid mutants 264
Signalling 273
Conclusion 275
Selected Literature 275
Chapter 10: Immune response 278
Phytoalexins 278
PR-proteins 286
Antiviral proteins 289
Inhibitor of viral replication 290
Proteinase inhibitors 292
Phenylpropanoids and lignin 296
Oxyproline-rich glycoproteins 300
Modification of plant gene expression at nematode invasion 303
Systemic acquired resistance 311
Selected Literature 327
Chapter 11: RNA silencing as a general defence mechanism against pathogens 328
Introduction 328
Coexistence and discovery of RNA silencing 328
Key characteristics and triggers of RNA silencing 329
Why RNA silencing mechanism exists? 333
Suppression of RNA silencing by plant virus-encoded proteins 333
RNA silencing in plant breeding 334
Techniques used to analyze viral suppressor activity 336
Selected Literature 338
Chapter 12: Virulence genes and their products 340
Suppressors (impedins) 341
Pathotoxins 345
Enzymes degrading antimicrobial plant compounds 356
Selected Literature 361
Chapter 13: General and specific aspects of plant and animal immunity 364
Immunomodulators of pathogenic microorganisms 366
Host immune molecules 370
Signal transduction and immune response 372
Conclusion 375
Selected Literature 377
Chapter 14: Beneficial plant–microbe interactions 378
Nitrogen-fixing symbioses 378
Mycorrhizae 411
Defensive symbioses 422
Ecological and agricultural impacts of beneficial plant–microbe interactions 426
Selected Literature 432
Part 3: Practical use of molecular studies 434
Chapter 15: Molecular basis of plant immunization 436
Vaccination 436
Immunization 439
Selected Literature 450
Chapter 16: Creation of disease-resistant plants by gene engineering 452
Methods of transgenic plant creation 453
Development of transgenic plants resistant to viral disease 459
Development of transgenic plants resistant to fungal diseases 465
Enhancement of plant resistance to bacterial diseases by genetic engineering 471
Possible limitations of commercial use of bioengineering methods in creation of plants resistant against bacterial diseases 477
Selected Literature 478
Conclusion 480
References 482
Index 484