Carbon Dioxide and Terrestrial Ecosystems (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Carbon Dioxide and Terrestrial Ecosystems 4
Copyright Page 5
Contents 6
Contributors 14
Preface 18
Chapter 1. Tree Responses to Elevated CO2 and Implications for Forests 20
I. Introduction 20
II. Experimental Approach 22
III. Results 24
IV. Discussion 34
V. Conclusions 38
References 38
Chapter 2. Effects of CO2 and N on Growth and N Dynamics in Ponderosa Pine: Results from the First Two Growing Seasons 42
I. Introduction 42
II. Site and Methods 43
III. Results and Discussion 45
IV. Perspective: Applicability of Results to Mature Forests 51
V. Summary and Conclusions 56
References 57
Chapter 3. Linking Above- and Belowground Responses to Rising CO2 in Northern Deciduous Forest Species 60
I. Introduction 60
II. Study Site and Experimental Methods 63
III. Results and Discussion 66
IV. Conclusions 68
References 69
Chapter 4. The Effects of Tree Maturity on Some Responses to Elevated CO2 in Sitka Spruce (Picea sitchensis Bong. Carr.) 72
I. Introduction 72
II. Materials and Methods 76
III. Results and Discussion 78
IV. Conclusions 87
References 88
Chapter 5. Growth Strategy and Tree Responses to Elevated CO2: A Comparison of Beech (Fagus sylvatica) and Sweet Chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) 90
I. Introduction 90
II. Materials and Methods 91
III. Results 92
IV. Discussion 101
References 104
Chapter 6. Litter Quality and Decomposition Rates of Foliar Litter Produced under CO2 Enrichment 106
I. Introduction 106
II. Litter Quality and the Decomposition Process 108
III. CO2 Enrichment Effects on Litter Quality and Decomposition 111
IV. A Few Words to the Wise Decomposer 115
V. Summary 119
References 120
Chapter 7. CO2-Mediated Changes in Tree Chemistry and Tree–Lepidoptera Interactions 124
I. Introduction 124
II. Forest Lepidoptera 125
III. Carbon-Nutrient Balance Theory: A Predictive Tool 125
IV. Effects of Elevated CO2 on Tree Chemistry 126
V. Effects on Insect Herbivores 131
VI. Potential Community and Ecosystem Responses 134
VII. Future Research Directions 136
References 137
Chapter 8. The Jasper Ridge CO2 Experiment: Design and Motivation 140
I. Introduction 140
II. The Challenge 141
III. Jasper Ridge 144
IV. The Suite of Experiments 148
V. Experimental Facilities 150
VI. Results 157
VII. Concluding Remarks 160
References 161
Chapter 9. Ecosystem-Level Responses of Tallgrass Prairie to Elevated CO2 166
I. Introduction 166
II. Study Site and Experimental Design 169
III: Results and Discussion 170
IV. Summary and Conclusions 176
References 179
Chapter 10. Direct Effects of Elevated CO2 on Arctic Plant and Ecosystem Function 182
I. Introduction 182
II. Individual Plant Response to Elevated CO2 184
III. Ecosystem-Level Response to Elevated CO2 186
IV. Long-Term Ecosystem Response to Elevated CO2 190
V. Summary ancl Conclusions 191
References 193
Chapter 11. Response of Alpine Vegetation to Elevated CO2 196
I. Introduction 196
II. Methods 198
III. Results of Two Years of Field Experimentation 204
IV. Conclusions 213
References 214
Chapter 12. Long-Term Elevated CO2 Exposure in a Chesapeake Bay Wetland: Ecosystem Gas Exchange, Primary Production, and Tissue Nitrogen 216
I. Introduction 216
II. Results 218
III. Discussion 222
IV. Conclusions 229
V. Summary 230
References 231
Chapter 13. Free-Air CO2 Enrichment: Responses of Cotton and Wheat Crops 234
I. Introduction 234
II. Materials and Methods 237
III. Results and Discussion 240
IV. Summary and Future Investigations 258
Appendix 260
References 264
Chapter 14. Response of Growth and CO2 Uptake of Spring Wheat and Faba Bean to CO2 Concentration under Semifield Conditions: Comparing Results of Field Experiments and Simulations 270
I. Introduction 270
II. Materials and Methods 271
III. Results 273
IV. Discussion 278
V. Summary and Conclusions 280
References 281
Chapter 15. Assessment of Rice Responses to Global Climate Change: CO2 and Temperature 284
I. Introduction 284
II. Materials and Methods: Outdoor, Sunlit, Controlled-Environment Chambers 284
III. Results and Discussion 286
IV. Conclusions and Research Recommendations 298
V. Summary 299
References 300
Chapter 16. Interactions between CO2 and Nitrogen in Forests: Can We Extrapolate from the Seedling to the Stand Level? 302
I. Introduction 302
II. Nature of Nitrogen Cycling in Forests 303
III. Potential Effects of Elevated CO2 on Nitrogen Cycling 308
IV. What Do Seedling–Sapling Studies Tell Us about Ecosystem-Level Response? 310
V. Conclusions 313
References 314
Chapter 17. Protection from Oxidative Stress in Trees as Affected by Elevated CO2 and Environmental Stress 318
I. Introduction 318
II. Detoxification of Reactive Oxygen Species 319
III. Interactions of Environmental Stresses and Elevated CO2 322
IV. Summary 328
References 330
Chapter 18. Integrating Knowledge of Crop Responses to Elevated CO2 and Temperature with Mechanistic Simulation Models: Model Components and Research Needs 336
I. Introduction 336
II. Models 338
III. Processes That Should Be Included in Models Used to Predict Crop Responses to Elevated CO2 345
IV. Knowledge Needs 356
V. Conclusions 358
References 359
Chapter 19. Progress, Limitations, and Challenges in Modeling the Effects of Elevated CO2 on Plants and Ecosystems 366
I. Introduction 366
II. Leaf-Level Models 368
III. Plant-Level Models 370
IV. Population, Community, and Stand Models 374
V. Ecosystem Models 378
VI. Regional and Global Models 385
VII. Future Challenges 388
References 391
Chapter 20. Stimulation of Global Photosynthetic Carbon Influx by an Increase in Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Concentration 400
I. Introduction 400
II. The Model 402
III. Results and Discussion 403
IV. Summary 412
Appendix 413
References 413
Chapter 21. Biota Growth Facter ?: Stimulation of Terrestrial Ecosystem Net Primary Production by Elevated Atmospheric CO2 418
I. Introduction 418
II. Modeling and Measuring Plant and Ecosystem Responses to Elevated CO2 419
III. Information Needs 428
IV. Where Do We Stand with Respect to ?? 428
References 430
Chapter 22. Response of Terrestrial Ecosystems to Elevated CO2: A Synthesis and Summary 434
I. Cross-System Comparisons 434
II. Future Research Needs 443
III. Conclusions 446
References 447
Index 450
Physiological Ecology: A Series of Monographs, Texts, and Treatises 463