New Frontiers of Organic and Composite Nanotechnology (eBook)

Cover 1
Table of Contents 6
Preface 12
List of contributors 14
Chapter 1 Layer-by-layer assembly 16
1.1. Introduction 16
1.2. Layer-by-layer Self-assembly 18
1.2.1. Basic Principles 18
1.2.2. Building Blocks for Layer-by-layer Self-assembly 19
1.2.3. Kinetics of Multilayer Adsorption 20
1.2.4. Tuning of Layer-by-layer Self-assembly 24
1.3. Fabrication of Nanocomposite Thin Films 26
1.3.1. Silica/Polyion Multilayer 29
1.3.2. Semiconductor Nanoparticle/Polyion Multilayers 29
1.3.3. Au Nanoparticle/Polycation Multilayer 31
1.3.4. Layered Ceramic Plates 32
1.3.5. Conductive Polymers/Polyion Multilayer 32
1.3.6. Carbon Nanotube/Polyion Multilayer 33
1.3.7. Protein/Polyion Multilayer 34
1.3.8. DNA Multilayer 36
1.4. Modified Procedures 36
1.4.1. Spin Layer-by-layer Self-assembly 36
1.4.2. Spray Layer-by-layer Self-assembly 37
1.4.3. Covalent Layer-by-layer Self-assembly 37
1.5. Surface Patterning 38
1.6. Current and Potential Applications 45
1.6.1. Current Applications 45
1.6.2. Potential Applications 54
1.6.3. Difficulties and Solutions 56
1.7. Conclusions 56
References 57
Chapter 2 Multifunctional microcontainers with tuned permeability for delivery and (bio)chemical reactions 60
2.1. Introduction 61
2.2. Novel Polymer Materials for Low Permeable Capsule Walls and Encapsulation 62
2.3. Release of Encapsulated Materials from Polyelectrolyte Capsules 64
2.3.1. Enzyme-mediated Release of Encapsulated Materials 65
2.3.2. Release by Laser 67
2.4. Applications and Perspectives 67
References 72
Chapter 3 Advanced optical spectroscopies in nanotechnology 76
3.1. Introduction: Spectroscopy on the Nanoscale 76
3.2. The Nanoworld 83
3.2.1. Small Objects 83
3.2.2. Small Structures 87
3.3. Advanced Optical Spectroscopies 91
3.3.1. Single-molecule Fluorescence Spectroscopies 91
3.3.2. The SERS Effect and Enhanced Spectroscopies 97
3.3.3. Tip-enhanced Spectroscopies 106
3.4. Some Applications 113
3.4.1. Blinking, Statistics and PCS 113
3.4.2. Surface Plasmon Engineering and Sensors 119
3.4.3. Quantum Dots and Nanoparticles 125
3.4.4. Polarization and Anisotropy Effects 128
3.4.5. Innovative Methods and Results 133
3.4.6. ‘Normal’ Spectroscopy on Nanostructured Systems 142
3.5. Conclusions and Perspectives 148
Bibliographical Appendix 149
Bibliography 151
Chapter 4 Conducting nanocomposite systems 158
4.1. Introduction 158
4.2. Classification 160
4.3. Host and Guest Materials for Conducting Nanocomposite Systems 162
4.3.1. Host Materials 163
4.3.2. Guest Materials 185
References 219
Chapter 5 Electrochemically assisted scanning probe microscopy: A powerful tool in nano(bio)science 252
5.1. Introduction 253
5.2. Electrochemical Scanning Tunnelling Microscope (EC-STM) 255
5.2.1. Bipotentiostatic Approach 256
5.2.2. Tip Preparation 258
5.2.3. Tip Characterization 261
5.2.4. Substrate Electrode Preparation 263
5.2.5. Tunnelling in Water 265
5.3. EC-STM for Studying Underpotential Deposition 268
5.4. Visualization of Potential-Induced Molecular Assembling and Phase Transitions 271
5.5. EC-STM on Redox Adsorbates: First Evidences 274
5.6. EC-STM on Biological Redox Adsorbates: Metalloproteins 277
5.6.1. First Evidences of Potential Dependent EC-STM Contrast in Metalloproteins 277
5.6.2. Further Evidences 281
5.6.3. A Novel Setup for Direct Access to Current 283
5.7. Video Rate EC-STM 289
5.8. Possible Future Trends and Developments 290
5.9. Fabrication of EFM Probes 292
5.10. Conductive Probe Performance Test 294
References 298
Chapter 6 Polymer-based adaptive networks 302
6.1. Introduction 302
6.2. Biological Benchmark 306
6.3. Some Aspects of Artificial Neural Networks 308
6.4. Electrochemical Element 313
6.4.1. Molecular Layers 313
6.4.2. Building Blocks 324
6.4.3. Neuron Body Analog 329
6.4.4. Polymeric Electrochemical Element 330
6.4.5. Out-of-equilibrium Element 341
6.5. Demonstrative Circuits 351
6.5.1. Simple Mimicking Element 351
6.5.2. Adaptive Circuit 354
6.5.3. Perspectives: Network of Polymer Fibers 357
6.6. Conclusions 361
References 362
Chapter 7 Nanostructured materials for enzyme immobilization and biosensors 370
7.1. Introduction 370
7.2. Properties of Materials for Enzyme Immobilization 373
7.3. Methods for Enzyme Immobilization 374
7.3.1. Physical Adsorption 374
7.3.2. Covalent Coupling 376
7.3.3. Affinity Immobilization 376
7.3.4. Entrapment 377
7.4. Classes of Nanostructured Materials for Enzyme Immobilization and Biosensors 380
7.4.1. Carbon Nanotubes 380
7.4.2. Nanofibers and Nanowires 384
7.4.3. Metal Nanoparticles and Nanocrystals 386
7.4.4. Nanocomposite Materials 391
7.4.5. Mesoporous Silica 394
7.5. Conclusions and Future Perspectives 396
References 401
Chapter 8 Design of the solid phase for protein arrays and use of semiconductor nanoparticles as reports in immunoassays 410
8.1. Introduction 411
8.2. Nanoscale Modification of Polystyrene Particles 412
8.2.1. Why PEG Monolayer Grafted to a Surface Repels Proteins from Bulk Solution? 414
8.2.2. PEG Monolayer Grafted to a Planar Surface – A Working Model 418
8.2.3. Tailoring of Microparticles with PEG – Immunoassay Development 423
8.2.4. Performance of PEG-Grafted Particles with Immobilized Antibodies in TSH Assay 431
8.3. Semiconductor Nanoparticles as Reporters in Immunoassay and Cell Analysis 433
8.3.1. Unique Photophysical Properties of Quantum Dots 434
8.3.2. Recent Developments in Surface Chemistry of Quantum Dots 436
8.3.3. Spectrophotometric Characterization of Quantum Dots 438
8.3.4. Multicolor Labels in Cell Analysis 439
8.3.5. Future Prospects for Quantum Dots in Immunoassay 443
8.4. Conclusions and Outlook 444
References 445
List of Abbreviations 448
Chapter 9 Electromagnetic applications of conducting and nanocomposite materials 450
9.1. Introduction 451
9.2. Shielding Theory 453
9.3. CPs and EMI Shielding Studies 454
9.3.1. EMI Shielding Studies with PANI 455
9.3.2. EMI Shielding Studies with PPy 457
9.3.3. EMI Shielding Studies with Poly(3-octyl thiophene) (POTh) and Poly(phenylene-vinylene (PPV) 458
9.4. Experimental Results 458
9.4.1. Chemical Synthesis of PANI and PPy in the Presence of MnZn Ferrite and Ni/MnZn Ferrite 459
9.4.2. Electrochemical Synthesis of PANI and PPy in the Presence of MnZn Ferrite and Ni/MnZn Ferrite 460
9.4.3. Ni Coating over PANI and PPy 460
9.4.4. Dispersion Preparations and Processing 461
9.5. Material Characterization 461
9.5.1. FTIR Measurements 461
9.5.2. X-ray Diffraction (XRD) 464
9.5.3. Electrical Properties 466
9.5.4. Magnetic Properties 471
9.6. Conducting Polymers and EMI Shielding Applications for Textiles 477
9.6.1. PANI as a Shielding Material for Textiles 478
9.6.2. PPy as a Shielding Material for Textiles 480
9.7. Concluding Remarks 482
References 484
Index 492
Colour Plates 504