Handbook of the Psychology of Aging (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Handbook of the Psychology of Aging 4
Copyright Page 5
Contents 6
Contributors 8
Foreword 10
Preface 12
About the Editors 20
Part 1: Concepts, Theory, and Methods in the Psychology of Aging 22
Chapter 1. Enduring Theoretical Themes in Psychological Aging: Derivation, Functions, Perspectives, and Opportunities 24
INTRODUCTION 25
CHARACTERIZING THE THEORETICAL LANDSCAPE IN PSYCHOLOGICAL AGING 25
FEATURED THEORISTS: IDENTIFYING AND INTEGRATING ENDURING THEORETICAL THEMES 26
“POPULATIONS” OF THEORETICAL THEMES AND PERSPECTIVES IN PSYCHOLOGICAL AGING 33
ILLUSTRATIONS: SELECTED FUTURE DIRECTIONS FOR PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES OF AGING 37
CONCLUSIONS 39
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 39
REFERENCES 40
Chapter 2. Methodological and Analytical Issues in the Psychology of Aging 46
INTRODUCTION 46
RESEARCH DESIGNS IN STUDIES OF ADULTHOOD 46
INCOMPLETE DATA AND ATTRITION IN AGING RESEARCH 48
METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES ASSOCIATED WITH RESEARCH IN AGING 50
STATISTICAL MODELS FOR ASSESSING CHANGE IN AGING RESEARCH 53
FUTURE DIRECTIONS AND METHODOLOGICAL RECOMMENDATIONS IN AGING RESEARCH 55
CONCLUDING REMARKS 56
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 56
REFERENCES 57
Chapter 3. Historical Influences on Aging and Behavior 62
INTRODUCTION 62
THEORIES AND CONCEPTS 63
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORKS 64
EDUCATIONAL INFLUENCES 67
CHANGES OF OCCUPATIONAL STATUS AND WORK COMPLEXITY 69
CHANGES IN HEALTHCARE, CHRONIC DISEASE AND LIFESTYLES 69
THE ROLE OF IMMIGRATION 70
SOCIETAL INTERVENTIONS TO REDUCE POVERTY IN TARGETED POPULATIONS 70
SUMMARY AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS 71
REFERENCES 71
Part 2: Neuroscience, Cognition and Aging 78
Chapter 4. Executive Function and Cognitive Aging 80
INTRODUCTION 80
PURPOSE, SCOPE, AND AIMS 81
CONCEPTUALIZING EF 81
STRUCTURAL APPROACHES TO EXECUTIVE FUNCTION “UNITY AND DIVERSITY” 83
COGNITIVE APPROACHES TO EF 84
COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND PREFRONTAL INVOLVEMENT IN EF 87
LOOKING FORWARD 89
CONCLUSIONS 90
REFERENCES 90
Chapter 5. The Cognitive Consequences of Structural Changes to the Aging Brain 94
INTRODUCTION 94
VOLUME OF THE GRAY AND WHITE MATTER 95
CORTICAL THINNING TO STUDY BRAIN AGING 97
WHITE MATTER INTEGRITY 98
DIFFUSION TENSOR IMAGING TO STUDY BRAIN AGING 100
BETA-AMYLOID DEPOSITION 104
DISCUSSION 105
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 105
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 106
REFERENCES 106
Chapter 6. Behavior Genetics of Aging 114
INTRODUCTION 114
QUANTITATIVE APPROACHES 115
MOLECULAR GENETICS 119
INTEGRATING TWIN AND MOLECULAR GENETIC APPROACHES 123
SUMMARY 125
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 125
REFERENCES 125
Chapter 7. Neuroplasticity, Aging, and Cognitive Function 130
INTRODUCTION 130
OVERVIEW OF AGE-RELATED CHANGES IN BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 131
THE SCAFFOLDING THEORY OF AGING AND COGNITION 133
EVIDENCE FOR EXPERIENCE-BASED CHANGES IN NEURAL FUNCTION IN OLDER ADULTS 134
FITNESS TRAINING AS A COGNITIVE INTERVENTION 137
CONCLUSIONS 137
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 138
REFERENCES 138
Chapter 8. Memory Changes and the Aging Brain: A Multimodal Imaging Approach 142
INTRODUCTION 142
MEMORY CHANGES IN AGING 142
LINKING MEMORY CHANGES IN AGING TO BRAIN CHANGES 143
MULTIMODAL APPOACHES TO THE COGNITION-BRAIN RELATION IN AGING 144
CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS 149
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 150
REFERENCES 150
Chapter 9. Age Differences in Complex Decision Making 154
INTRODUCTION 154
THE CONSTRUCTION OF PREFERENCES IN OLDER-ADULT DECISIONS 155
LESS PREFERENCE CONSTRUCTION IN FAMILIAR DECISIONS 156
THINKING AND FEELING OUR WAY THROUGH A COMPLEX WORLD 156
THE AFFECT REVOLUTION AND AGE-RELATED DIFFERENCES IN THE INFLUENCE OF AFFECT 157
AGE DECLINES IN DELIBERATIVE ABILITIES AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON DECISION MAKING 162
SELECTIVITY AND MOTIVATED USE OF DELIBERATIVE PROCESSES 165
LIMITATIONS 165
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 166
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 167
REFERENCES 167
Chapter 10. Cognitive Interventions 174
INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE OF REVIEW 174
VARIETIES OF COGNITIVE INTERVENTIONS 175
WHAT WE KNOW AND THE HARD QUESTIONS WE NEED TO ASK 183
CONCLUSIONS 186
REFERENCES 186
Part 3: Social and Health Factors that Impact Aging 194
Chapter 11. The Relevance of Control Beliefs for Health and Aging 196
INTRODUCTION 196
BRIEF HISTORY AND CONCEPTUAL OVERVIEW OF THE CONSTRUCT OF CONTROL 197
AGE DIFFERENCES AND CHANGES IN CONTROL BELIEFS 198
SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC VARIATIONS IN CONTROL BELIEFS 200
RELATION OF CONTROL BELIEFS TO AGING-RELATED DOMAINS 201
INTERVENTIONS TO MODIFY CONTROL BELIEFS 205
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS 206
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 207
REFERENCES 207
Chapter 12. The Speedometer of Life: Stress, Health and Aging 212
INTRODUCTION 212
CONCEPTS AND MEASUREMENT OF STRESS PROCESSES 213
STRESSOR PATHWAYS TO HEALTH AND WELL-BEING 213
CHANGES IN STRESS PROCESSES ACROSS MIDDLE AND LATER ADULTHOOD 214
INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN STRESS PROCESSES 215
PHYSIOLOGY OF THE STRESS RESPONSE AND AGE-RELATED CHANGES 217
GENDER DIFFERENCE IN RESPONSES TO STRESS: TEND AND BEFRIEND 218
STRESS AGE AND COGNITIVE HEALTH 219
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 220
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 221
REFERENCES 221
Chapter 13. Health Disparities, Social Class, and Aging 228
INTRODUCTION 228
SES AND HEALTH 229
DISTRIBUTION OF CHRONIC CONDITIONS, ACUTE CONDITIONS, AND DISABILITY 232
BIOBEHAVIORAL EXPLANATIONS OF HEALTH DISPARITIES 233
THE ROLE OF GENETICS IN HEALTH DISPARITIES RESEARCH 234
NEW CHALLENGES 235
REFERENCES 235
Chapter 14. Relationships between Adults and their Aging Parents 240
INTRODUCTION 240
VARIABILITY IN RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN ADULTS AND PARENTS 241
EXCHANGES OF SUPPORT BETWEEN ADULTS AND THEIR PARENTS 242
SUPPORT OF GROWN CHILDREN AND THE GENERATIONAL FLOW OF SUPPORT 242
CAREGIVING RELATIONSHIPS 244
EMOTIONAL QUALITIES OF TIES BETWEEN ADULTS AND PARENTS 244
WELL-BEING AND QUALITIES OF THE PARENT-OFFSPRING TIE 247
LESSONS IN UNDERSTANDING THE PSYCHOLOGY OF AGING AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS FOR RESEARCH 248
REFERENCES 250
Chapter 15. Intergenerational Communication Practices 254
INTRODUCTION 254
OVERACCOMMODATION 255
PROBLEMATIC ELDER-TO-YOUNG COMMUNICATIONS 261
COMMUNICATIVE CONSTRUCTIONS OF AGING 262
EPILOGUE 263
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 264
REFERENCES 264
Chapter 16. Age Stereotypes and Aging 270
INTRODUCTION 270
NATURE OF AGE STEREOTYPES 271
THE AGE STEREOTYPING PROCESS 273
SELF-STEREOTYPING AND ITS EFFECTS 277
CONCLUSIONS 279
REFERENCES 280
Chapter 17. Aging in the Work Context 284
INTRODUCTION 284
THE PROCESS OF AGING IN THE WORK CONTEXT 284
WORK AS AN IMPORTANT DEVELOPMENTAL CONTEXT: THE EFFECT OF WORK EXPERIENCES ON ADULT DEVELOPMENT 285
AGING AND WORK OUTCOMES 288
FOSTERING POSITIVE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN AGING AND WORK: FURTHER TRAINING, ATTITUDES TOWARD OLDER WORKERS 289
THE TRANSITION INTO AND AFTER RETIREMENT 290
CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS 293
REFERENCES 293
Chapter 18. Wisdom, Age, and Well-Being 300
INTRODUCTION 300
DEFINITION OF AN ELUSIVE CONCEPT 300
WESTERN DEFINITIONS OF WISDOM 301
EASTERN DEFINITIONS OF WISDOM 302
CULTURALLY INCLUSIVE EXPLICIT DEFINITIONS OF WISDOM 303
AGING AND WISDOM 303
WISDOM AND WELL-BEING 306
SUMMARY AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS OF WISDOM RESEARCH 308
REFERENCES 309
Part 4: Complex Behavioral Processes and Psychopathology of Aging 314
Chapter 19. Emotional Experience and Regulation in Later Life 316
INTRODUCTION 316
EMOTION AND EMOTION REGULATION 317
EMOTIONS RETAIN BASIC FUNCTION AND STRUCTURE ACROSS ADULTHOOD 317
REASONS FOR AGE-RELATED STRENGTHS IN EMOTION REGULATION 321
ATTENTION TO AND APPRAISALS OF POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE STIMULI 323
THREATS TO EMOTIONAL WELL-BEING 325
FUTURE DIRECTIONS AND CONCLUSIONS 326
REFERENCES 327
Chapter 20. Psychopathology, Bereavement, and Aging 332
INTRODUCTION 332
A LIFE-SPAN MODEL OF RISK AND PROTECTIVE FACTORS IN LATE-LIFE PSYCHOPATHOLOGY 332
NORMAL AGING PROCESSES, PHYSICAL HEALTH, AND PSYCHOPATHOLOGY 334
MOOD DISORDERS IN LATER ADULTHOOD 334
RISK AND PROTECTIVE FACTORS IN LATE-LIFE DEPRESSION 336
ANXIETY DISORDERS IN LATER ADULTHOOD 337
SCHIZOPHRENIA AND RELATED DISORDERS 338
SUBSTANCE ABUSE DISORDERS IN LATER ADULTHOOD 338
BEREAVEMENT 339
SUMMARY 340
REFERENCES 341
Chapter 21. Assessment of Emotional and Personality Disorders in Older Adults 346
INTRODUCTION 346
MULTIMETHOD ASSESSMENT 346
GENERAL CLASSIFICATION ISSUES 347
ASSESSMENT OF EMOTIONAL DISORDERS: DEPRESSION AND ANXIETY 347
ASSESSMENT OF PERSONALITY DISORDERS 350
PERSONALITY STABILITY VERSUS CHANGE ACROSS THE LIFE SPAN 351
THE IMPACT OF AGING ON THE EXPERIENCE AND PRESENTATION OF PDS IN LATER LIFE 352
MEASURES OF PERSONALITY DISORDERS 352
CONCLUSIONS 354
REFERENCES 355
Chapter 22. Neuropsychological Assessment of the Dementias of Late Life 360
OVERVIEW OF THE NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL EVALUATION 360
NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF THE OLDER ADULT 361
AGE-ASSOCIATED COGNITIVE AND BRAIN CHANGES 361
DEMENTIAS OF LATE LIFE 362
THE DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF DEMENTIA 363
APPLYING NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT IN STUDIES OF COGNITIVE AGING 366
SPECIFIC CONSIDERATIONS IN ASSESSING DEMENTIA 366
SUMMARY 368
REFERENCES 369
Chapter 23. Family Caregiving for Cognitively or Physically Frail Older Adults: Theory, Research, and Practice 374
INTRODUCTION 374
STRESS AND COPING MODELS FOR CAREGIVING 375
EFFICACY OF INTERVENTIONS 377
CROSS-CULTURAL ISSUES AND CAREGIVING 378
ABUSE WITHIN THE CAREGIVING DYAD 380
STAGES OF CAREGIVING 380
CONCLUSIONS 382
REFERENCES 383
Chapter 24. Decision Making Capacity 388
INTRODUCTION 388
A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR CAPACITY ASSESSMENT 390
CONSENT CAPACITIES 392
EVERYDAY SKILL-BASED CAPACITIES 393
PLANNING FOR FUTURE INCAPACITY: CAPACITIES TO DESIGNATE AND DIRECT SURROGATES AND EXECUTORS 395
ASSESSMENT OF CAPACITY 396
FUTURE DIRECTIONS 397
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 397
REFERENCES 398
Author Index 402
A 402
B 403
C 405
D 407
E 408
F 409
G 409
H 411
I 413
J 413
K 413
L 415
M 417
N 419
O 419
P 420
Q 421
R 421
S 422
T 425
U 426
V 426
W 427
X 428
Y 428
Z 428
Subject Index 430
A 430
B 430
C 431
D 432
E 432
F 433
G 433
H 433
I 433
L 433
M 433
N 434
O 434
P 434
Q 434
R 434
S 435
T 435
V 436
W 436