Bone Densitometry for Technologists (eBook)

Chapter 1: An Introduction to Conventions in Densitometry

Densitometry as a Quantitative Measurement Technique

Accuracy and Precision

The Skeleton in Densitometry

Weight Bearing or Non-Weight Bearing

Axial or Appendicular

Central or Peripheral

Cortical or Trabecular

What Do the Machines Actually Measure?

The Effect of Bone Size on Areal Densities

Bone Mineral Apparent Density

Calculating 'Average' Spine Bone Densities

Ultrasound Parameters

The Densitometry Printout

The Percentage Comparisons

The Standard Score Comparisons

The Age-Regression Graph

The Standardized BMD

The Utility of the sBMD

The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) III Database for the Proximal Femur

Nomenclature Guidelines From the International Society for Clinical Densitometry

References



Chapter 2: Densitometry Techniques

Plain Radiography in the Assessment of Bone Density

Qualitative Morphometry

Qualitative Spinal Morphometry

The Singh Index

Quantitative Morphometric Techniques

Calcar Femorale Thickness

Radiogrammetry

The Radiologic Osteoporosis Score

Radiographic Photodensitometry

Radiographic Absorptiometry

Photon Absorptiometry Techniques

Single-Photon Absorptiometry

Dual-Photon Absorptiometry

Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry

Peripheral DXA

Single-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry

Quantitative Computed Tomography

Peripheral QCT

Quantitative Ultrasound Bone Densitometry

References



Chapter 3: Skeletal Anatomy in Densitometry

The Spine in Densitometry

Vertebral Anatomy

Artifacts in PA or AP Spine Densitometry

Vertebral Fractures

Effect of Osteophytes on BMD

Effect of Aortic Calcification on BMD

Effect of Facet Sclerosis on BMD

Effect of Vertebral Rotation on PA Lumbar Spine Bone Density

Other Causes of Artifacts in PA and AP Lumbar Spine Studies

The Spine in the Lateral Projection

The Proximal Femur in Densitometry

Proximal Femur Anatomy

Effect of Rotation on BMD in the Proximal Femur

Effect of Leg Dominance on BMD in the Proximal Femur

Effect of Scoliosis, Osteoarthritis, Osteophytes, Surgery, and Fracture on BMD in the Proximal Femur

The Forearm in Densitometry

Nomenclature

Effect of Arm Dominance on Forearm BMD

Effect of Artifacts on BMD in the Forearm

The Metacarpals, Phalanges, and Calcaneus

References



Chapter 4: FDA-Approved Densitometry Devices

Computer-Enhanced Radiogrammetry

Computer-Enhanced Radiographic Absorptiometry

Central X-Ray Densitometers

Peripheral X-Ray Densitometers

Ultrasound Bone Densitometers



Chapter 5: Computer Basics

Types of Computers

Desktops, Towers, Minitowers, and Laptops

PCs and MACs

Major Components of a Computer System

Important Components Inside the Computer Housing

Motherboard, Random Access Memory, and Slots

Central Processing Units

Hard Drives

Internal Disk Drives

Input Devices

The Keyboard

The Mouse

The Trackball

Output Devices

Monitors

Printers

Computer Ports

Keyboard and Mouse Ports

Parallel Ports

Serial Ports

Universal Serial Bus Ports

Power, Monitor, Modem, and Network Ports

Types of Storage Media

Magnetic Media

Optical Storage Media

Flash Memory

Protecting the Data

Computer Maintenance



Chapter 6: The Importance of Precision

The Concept of Precision

Performing a Precision Study

Short-Term Precision Studies

Mathematical Procedures Used to Calculate Precision

Long-Term Precision Studies

Applying the Precision Value to Serial Measurements

Determination of Least Significant Change

Using the Least Significant Change to Determine the Timing of Repeat Measurements

A Case in Point

More Sophisticated Issues of Statistical Confidence for the Measured C