Nanobiotechnology of Biomimetic Membranes (eBook)

PREFACE 6
CONTENTS 8
CONTRIBUTORS 12
The Significance of Biomimetic Membrane Nanobiotechnology to Biomedical Applications 13
1.1. Introduction 13
1.2. Interaction of Lipid Membranes with Transport Proteins 15
1.3. Reaction of Eukaryotic Cells to the Physical Environment 16
1.3.1. Example of the Influence of Membrane Ion Channels on the Biology of Endothelial Cells 17
1.3.2. Mechanical Transduction of Stress in Lipid Bilayers 20
1.4. What is the Relevance of Lipid Bilayer Membranes to Nanotechnology? 22
1.5. Can Biosensor Technology Benefit from Biomimetic Membrane Nanobiotechnology? 25
1.6. Does Biomimetic Membrane Nanobiotechnology Assist in Drug Delivery? 27
1.7. Can Implants Benefit from Biomimetic Membrane Nanobiotechnology? 28
1.8. Concluding Remarks 29
References 29
Langmuir-Blodgett Technique for Synthesis of Biomimetic Lipid Membranes 34
2.1. Introduction 34
2.2. Langmuir Monolayer Formation 36
2.2.1. Surface Tension 37
2.2.2. Surfactants 38
2.2.3. Surface Pressure 41
2.2.4. Surface Pressure ( ) – Area ( A) Isotherms 44
2.2.5. Monolayer Stability 48
2.3. Langmuir-Blodgett Technique 50
2.3.1. Vertical Film Deposition Principles 50
2.3.2. Elaboration of Organised Lipidic LB Films 55
2.3.3. Phospholipid LB Films 58
2.3.4. Free Supported Phospholipid LB Films 63
2.3.5. Asymmetric Phospholipid LB Bilayers 65
2.4. Functionalisation of Lipidic LB Films: Specific Features 68
2.4.1. Protein Association with the Floating Monolayer before LB Deposition 68
2.4.2. Protein Association onto Preformed-Lipidic LB Films 70
2.4.3. Oriented Protein Association in Lipidic LB Films 71
2.5. Trends and Prospects 73
References 73
Liposome Techniques for Synthesis of Biomimetic Lipid Membranes 86
3.1. Introduction 86
3.2. Applications and Uses of Liposomes 86
3.3. Liposome Structure is Influenced by its Phospholipid Composition 87
3.4. Common Terminology Used in the Description of Liposome Structure 88
3.5. Liposome Preparation 88
3.5.1. Preparation of Multilamellar Vesicles 89
3.5.2. Preparation of Unilamellar Vesicles 90
3.5.3. Preparation of Giant Unilamellar Liposomes 93
3.5.4. Modified Liposomes 94
3.5.5. Purification of Liposomes 96
References 96
Characterization and Analysis of Biomimetic Membranes 99
4.1. Important Properties of Biomimetic Membranes 99
4.2. Methods of Characterization and Analysis 101
4.2.1. A Few Thoughts 101
4.2.2. Atomic Force Microscopy 102
4.2.3. Quartz Crystal Microbalance 106
4.2.4. Surface Force Apparatus 106
4.2.5. Ellipsometry 107
4.2.6. Surface Plasmon Resonance 108
4.3. Coverage and Mass 109
4.4. Morphology and Mechanical Properties 114
4.4.1. Imaging and a Few Common Artefacts 114
4.4.2. Surface Forces and Continuum Mechanics AFM Simulation
4.4.3. Mechanical Properties 128
4.5. A Brief Outlook 132
References 133
Biomimetic Membranes in Biosensor Applications 137
5.1. Introduction 137
5.2. Biosensors 139
5.2.1. Classes of Biosensors 139
5.2.2. Why Biomimetic Membranes for Biosensing Applications? 140
5.3. Biomimetic Membranes for Biosensor Applications 143
5.3.1. Hybrid Bilayer Lipid Membranes (Supported Lipid Monolayers) 144
5.3.2. Solid Supported “Floating” Bilayer Lipid Membranes 144
5.3.3. Tethered Bilayer Lipid Membranes 147
5.3.4. Laterally Structured Bilayer Lipid Membranes 150
5.4. Catalytic and Affinity Biosensors Fabricated using Supported Bilayer Lipid Membranes 151
5.4.1. Catalytic Biosensors based on Supported BLMs 151
5.4.2. Affinity Biosensors 153
5.4.3. General Remarks on Supported BLMs for Biosensing Applications 157
5.5. Membrane Biosensors Based on Ion Channel Gating 158
5.5.1. Signal Transduction via Ion Channels 158
5.5.2. Taking Biosensors a Step Further: The AMBRI Ion Channel Switch Biosensor 160
5.6. Concluding Remarks 164
References 164
About the Contributors 177
Index 181