Neuroimmunology of Sleep (eBook)

S.R. Pandi-Perumal, MSc., Comprehensive Center for Sleep Medicine, Department of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, U.S.A. D.P. Cardinali, MD., PhD., Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155, 1121, Buenos Aires, Argentina. G.P. Chrousos, MD, FAAP, MACP, MACE, First Department of Pediatrics, Athens University Medical School, Aghia Sophia Children's Hospital, 115 27 Athens, Greece and Reproductive Biology and Medicine Branch, National Institute of Child and Human Development (NICHD), Bethesda, MD, USA.

Contents 5
Preface 12
Acknowledgments 14
Contributors 15
1 Bidirectional Communication Between the Brain and the Immune System 21
1.1 Introduction 21
1.2 Nervous System Communication to the Immune System 23
1.3 Neuroendocrine Hormone Influence on the Immune System 25
1.4 Actions of Hypothalamic-Releasing Hormones 28
1.5 Immune System Communication with the Nervous System Hormones 29
1.6 Cytokine Influences on the Nervous System 30
1.7 Neuroendocrine Hormone Release by Cells of the Immune System 32
1.8 Neurotransmitter Release by Cells of the Immune System 33
1.9 Bidirectional Communication and Sleep 34
1.10 Summary and Conclusions 35
References 36
2 Neuroimmunological Correlates of Circadian Rhythmicity in Oral Biology and Medicine 44
2.1 Introduction 44
2.2 Allostatic Response and Allostatic Intervention: Relevance to Oral Biology and Medicine 46
2.3 Mucositis: A Case of Allostatic Load 53
2.4 Directions for the Future 66
References 70
3 Circadian Organization of the Immune Response 76
3.1 The Circadian Clock Is One of the Most Indispensable Biological Functions 76
3.2 The Immune System Shows Circadian Organization 78
3.3 “Sickness Behavior” Includes Changes in Circadian Rhythms 81
3.4 The Rat Adjuvant Arthritis Is an Experimental Model of Rheumatoid Arthritis 83
3.5 Adjuvant Arthritis Disrupts Normal Chronobiological Organization 85
3.6 Melatonin as a Circadian Immunoregulatory Signal in Adjuvant Arthritis 89
References 93
4 The Biological Clock in Inflammation and Sleep Switch Alterations 103
4.1 Introduction 103
4.2 Interactions Between the Biological Clock and the Sleep Switch 103
4.3 Effects of Inflammatory Molecules on the SCN and Sleep Switch Structures 106
4.4 Intracellular Inflammatory Regulators 108
4.5 Concluding Remarks 110
References 110
5 Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide and Prolactin Cytokines: Role in Sleep and Some Immune Aspects 113
5.1 Introduction 113
5.2 Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide (VIP) 114
5.3 VIP: Brain Distribution 115
5.4 VIP and Sleep Regulation 115
5.5 How VIP Induces REMS: A Hypothesis 118
5.6 VIP Clinical Implications 118
5.7 Prolactin (PRL) 119
5.8 PRL Molecular Aspects 119
5.9 PRL and Sleep Regulation 121
5.10 Relationship Between PRL and Stress 123
5.11. Stress and REMS: Role of PRL 124
5.12. PRL Expression and REMS 125
5.13. PRL Clinical Implications 125
References 126
6 Immune Signaling to Brain: Mechanisms and Potential Pathways Influencing Sleep 134
6.1 Introduction 134
6.2 Mechanisms of Immune Signaling to the Brain 134
6.3 Neurocircuitry Mediating Sleep and Waking States 139
Sleep Neurocircuitry? 6.4 What Are the Links Between Immune– Brain Interfaces and 139
6.5 Conclusions and Perspectives 142
References 144
7 Aging, Sleep, and Immunity 147
7.1 Introduction 147
7.2 Altered Sleep and Concomitant Alterations in Immune Function 147
7.3 Cytokines and Sleep 149
7.4 Relationship of Infection to Altered Sleep Behavior 152
7.5 Stress, Hormonal Change, Cytokines, and Sleep Behavior 154
7.6 Age-Related Changes in Sleep and Relation to Altered Immunity 157
7.7 Summary and Conclusions 162
References 163
8 Cytokines and Sleep: Neuro-Immune Interactions and Regulations 168
8.1 Introduction 168
8.2. Effect of Sleep on Immune System 168
8.3 Effect of Modulation of Immune System on Sleep 169
8.4 Conclusion 174
References 174
9 Selective REM Sleep Deprivation and Its Impact on the Immune Response 180
9.1 Introduction 180
9.2 Human Studies 181
9.3 Animal Studies 182
References 185
10 Sleep and Immune Correlates: Translational Research in Clinical Populations 189
10.1 The Rationale for Studying Sleep and Immunity in Clinical Populations 189
10.2 Sleep and Immunity in Primary Insomnia 190
10.3 Sleep and Immunity in Depression and Substance Dependence 194
10.4 Sleep and Cytokines in Rheumatoid Arthritis 199
10.5 Future Directions 201
References 201
11 The Stress of Inadequate Sleep and Immune Consequences 206
11.1 Introduction 206
11.2 Inadequate Sleep and Disease 208
11.3 Immune Function in Sleep Disorders 209
11.4 Hospitalized Patients 210
11.5 Chronic Inflammatory Diseases and Sleep 211
11.4 Concluding Remarks 213
References 213
12 Neuroimmunology of Pregnancy-Related Sleep Disturbances 218
12.1 Introduction 218
12.2 Pregnancy and Alterations in Sleep 218
12.3 Understanding Sleep in Pregnancy via Animal Models 223
12.4 Factors That May Contribute to Disrupted Sleep During Pregnancy 223
12.5 Where Does Sleep Fit In? The Cytokine and Hormone Changes Associated with Sleep Deprivation/ Sleep Disorders 227
12.6 Pregnancy Complications 229
12.7 Summary 231
References 231
13 Changes in Sleep and Behavior Following Experimental Immune Stimulation Using Bacterial Endotoxin in Humans 237
13.1 237
14 Inflammation and Sleep 242
14.1 Inflammation 242
14.2 Cytokines and Sleep 243
14.3 Acute Inflammation and Sleep 243
14.4 Chronic Inflammation and Sleep 245
14.5 Genetic Variation in Sleep and Inflammation 249
14.6 Summary and Conclusions 254
References 254
15 Neuroimmune Activation in Sleep Apnea 266
15.1 Introduction 266
15.2 Adrenergic Agonists and Receptors 266
15.3 Norepinephrine Release and Clearance 270
15.4 Cytokines in OSA 272
15.5 Nasal Continuous Positive Airway Pressure 275
15.6 Summary 280
References 281
16 Role and Circadian Rhythms of Proinflammatory Cytokines, Cortisol, and Melatonin in Children with Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome 284
16.1 Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome in Children: Clinical Features 284
16.2 Pathophysiology of OSAS 285
16.3 OSAS Neuroimmunology 286
16.4 Melatonin Role and Circadian Rhythms in Children with OSAS 287
16.5 Cortisol Role and Circadian Rhythms in OSAS 289
16.6 Proinflammatory Cytokines Role and Circadian Rhythms in OSAS 290
References 292
17 Neuroendocrine-Immune Correlates of Sleep and Traumatic Brain Injury ( TBI) 294
17.1 Introduction 294
17.2 TBI and the Neuroendocrine System 294
17.3 TBI and Immune Surveillance 297
17.4 TBI and Sleep 297
17.5 Conclusions 300
References 300
18 Neuroimmune Correlates of Sleep in Depression: Role of Cytokines 303
18.1 Introduction 303
18.2 Cytokines and the CNS 303
18.3 Administering Different Types and Dosages of Cytokines and Their Effects on Sleep 306
18.4 Effect of Deprivation of Cytokines on the Duration and Pattern of Sleep 307
18.5 Studying the Effects of Sleep Deprivation/Disruption on Cytokine Production 308
18.6 Regulation of Cytokine Balance by Monoamines in Healthy and in Depressed States 309
18.7 Sleep Disturbances in Diseased States Associated with Altered Cytokine Profile 312
18.8 Cytokine Balance and Antidepressants 316
18.9 Conclusions 319
References 319
19 Sleep and Neuroimmune Function in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome 328
19.1 Introduction 328
19.2 Neurological and Neuropsychological Dysfunction in CFS 329
19.3 Sleep Studies in CFS 330
19.4 The Neural Immune System in CFS 334
References 337
20 Narcolepsy with Cataplexy: Hypocretin and Immunological Aspects 343
20.1 Epidemiology and Clinical Features 343
20.2 Pathophysiology 345
20.3 Treatment 353
20.4 Conclusion 355
References 355
Index 359