Current Topics of Infectious Diseases in Japan and Asia (eBook)

Title Page 2
Copyright Page 3
Foreword 4
Preface 5
Table of Contents 6
Part I Microbiological Aspects 8
Features of Enteric Infections in Asia 9
1 Prevalence of enteric infections in developing countries in Asia 10
1.1 Maluku: an under-developed province 10
1.2 Central Kalimantan: an under-developed province 11
1.3 West Sumatra: a reasonably developed province 12
1.4 South Sulawesi: a reasonably developed province 13
1.5 Jakarta: a big city 13
2 Transborder issue: trade and labor flow across international borders 14
2.1 Spread of cholera in Sarawak, Malaysia through labor flow 15
2.2 Pandemic by the new clone of V. parahaemolyticus 16
3 Contamination of the environment with enteric pathogens 18
3.1 stx2-bearing Escherichia coli O157 isolated from beef in Malaysia, Thailand, and Japan 21
3.2 stx2-bearing Escherichia coli O157 isolated from beef in China 24
3.3 Possible contribution of stx2-bearing and Stx2-non producingEscherichia coli O157 25
4 Children are the major victims 25
Acknowledgment 26
References 27
Molecular epidemiology of Vibrio cholerae and campylobacters isolated in Asian countries 30
Global spread of cholera 31
Vibrio cholerae and its virulence factors 31
Molecular epidemiology of Vibrio cholerae 32
Campylobacters 37
Detection of campylobacters 38
Campylobacters in Japan 41
Campylobacters in China 42
Campylobacters in Thailand 44
Conclusions 44
Acknowledgements 46
References 46
Diarrheal Diseases and Probiotics 49
1 The present condition of diarrheal diseases in the world 50
2 Causative agents of microorganisms of diarrhea 51
3 Rotavirus infection 53
4 C. difficile infection 54
5 Definition of probiotics 56
6 The gastrointestinal immune system 57
7 Protective effect of probiotics against Rotavirus 57
8 Protective effect of probiotics against C.difficile 60
9 Conclusion 60
References 61
Dengue and chikungunya virus infection in Southeast Asia: active governmental intervention in Republic of Singapore 63
1 Background 64
1.1 Singapore: tropical city-state in Southeast Asia 65
1.2 Chikungunya and dengue infectious diseases 65
2 Method 66
3 Result: Singapore’s resolute efforts to fight against dengue infection 66
3.1. Establishment and improvement of vector surveillance and control system in 1960s to 1970s 66
3.2 Emphasis on scientific researches in 1990s and 2000s 69
4 Analysis: characteristics of recent countermeasures in Singapore 70
4.1. Active organizations and mobilization of resources 70
4.2 Information disclosure 71
4.3 Emphasis on science and technology capabilities 71
4.4 Social management 73
4.5 Application of dengue strategies to CHIKV containment 74
5. Discussion: Singapore’s contribution to transnational approach 75
Acknowledgements 77
References 77
Part II Epidemiological Aspects 82
Current global situation of tuberculosis, with a focus on Japan 83
1. Infection and disease 83
2. Global trends: incidence, prevalence, and mortality 84
2.1. Incidence 84
2.2. Prevalence 85
2.3. Mortality 85
3. Five elements of the WHO case management strategy 85
3.1. Political commitment to a nationwide and permanent TB program 85
3.2. Microscopy to identify cases, predominantly through passive case detection 87
3.3. Directly observed, standardized, free-of-charge, short course chemotherapy 87
3.4. Regular supply of all essential anti-TB drugs 87
3.5. Establishment and maintenance of monitoring of case detection and treatment outcome 87
4. Diagnosis of TB in developing countries 87
5. First-line treatment for TB patients 88
6. Directly Observed Treatment, Short Course (DOTS) 88
7. The place of the TB program within the district health system 89
8. Progress of DOTS coverage 89
9. Global targets and indicators for TB control 89
10. MDR-TB 90
11. The six components of the Stop TB Strategy 91
12. Some examples of the author’s direct observation 91
12.1. TB/HIV in Cambodia 91
12.2. Strengthening of the TB program and health system in Nepal and the Philippines 92
13. TB status in Japan 92
13.1. Trends in incidence rate (notification rate) 92
13.2. Specified high-risk groups 92
13.2.1. The elderly 93
13.2.2. Nurses16) 93
13.2.3. Homeless and unemployed 93
13.2.4. Foreign nationals 93
13.3. Successful control activities in Osaka City18) 94
14. Conclusion 95
References 95
Tuberculosis among the poor 97
1. Background 98
2.1) Research on TB among the poor 99
Purpose 99
Methods 99
Results 100
Discussion 101
2.2) A survey regarding the use of group facilities among the homeless 103
Purpose 103
Methods 103
Results 104
Discussion 104
3 Conclusion 106
Acknowledgement 107
References 107
The status and trends of HIV/AIDS epidemics in Asia and the Pacific 109
1 HIV/AIDS in the World 109
2 HIV/AIDS in Asia 111
2.1 Regional overview 111
2.2 China 112
2.3 India 114
2.4 Indonesia 114
2.5 Thailand 114
2.6 Japan 115
3 HIV/AIDS in the Pacific 116
3.1 Regional overview 116
3.2 Australia 117
3.3 New Zealand 118
3.4 Papua New Guinea 118
4 The Future of HIV/AIDS in Asia and the Pacific 118
5 Discussion 119
6 References 119
Part III Clinical Aspects 120
Disease Characteristics and Treatment of 2009 H1N1 Influenza 121
Introduction 121
Disease characteristics of 2009 H1N1 influenza in Japan 122
Quick detection test for 2009 H1N1 influenza 123
Antiviral therapy against 2009 H1N1 influenza 123
New antiviral drug Favipiravir124
Acknowledgement 125
References 126
Drug-resistant respiratory pathogens in Japan 127
1 Background 128
1.1 Two major national surveillance systems 128
1.2 Japanese Nosocomial Infection Surveillance (JANIS) 128
2 Materials and methods 128
2.1 Nationwide surveillance conducted by JSC 128
3 Susceptibilities of each bacterial strains 129
3.1 Streptococcus pneumoniae 129
3.2 Haemophilus influenzae 129
3.3 Moraxella catarrhalis 130
3.4 Staphylococcus aureus 130
3.5 Klebsiella pneumoniae 130
3.6 Pseudomonas aeruginosa 131
4 Conclusions 131
References 132