Asian Perspectives and Evidence on Health Promotion and Education (eBook)

Muto_FM_O.pdf 1
Muto_PartI_O.pdf 20
Part IAsian Ideas and Activities on Health Promotion and Education 20
Muto_Ch01_O.pdf 21
Asian Ideas on Health Promotion and Education from Historical Perspectives of the Theory of Yojo as an Interface of Health, 21
1 Introduction 21
2 Characteristics of Asian Health Thought 22
2.1 Traditional Chinese Medicine 22
2.2 Unani Medicine 23
2.3 Yoga Philosophy 24
3 The Significance of Asian Medical Thought in Health Promotion 24
4 The Japanese Experience: The Concept of Yojo and the Origin of Yojo-ron (Theory of Regimen) 25
4.1 Content of Yojo-ron in the Edo Period 26
4.2 Sociocultural Aspects in Yojo-ron 26
4.3 Yojo-ron in the Meiji Period 27
4.4 Characteristics of Yojo-ron in the Meiji Period 28
5 Thoughts on Yojo and Social Ideology 29
6 Conclusion 29
References 30
Muto_Ch02_O.pdf 31
Developing the Curriculum and Instruction Model for Suicide Prevention and Life Education in Taiwan 31
1 Instruction 31
1.1 The Statistical Perspective on Suicide 31
1.2 Life Education in Taiwan 32
2 The Model 33
2.1 Objectives 33
2.2 Methods 33
2.3 Results 33
2.3.1 Experiential Learning Circle 33
2.3.2 Distance of Sensation and Shared Experiences 34
2.3.3 Affective Education 34
2.3.4 Confucian Life Education [12] 34
2.3.5 The Meaning of Life [14] 35
2.3.6 SLIM: The Shared-Experience Life Education and Life Skills Instructional Model 35
3 Discussion 36
4 Conclusion 37
References 37
Muto_Ch03_O.pdf 39
The Yogo Teacher, the Health Room, and Health Education at School in Japan 39
1 Definition of a Yogo Teacher 39
2 Licensing 41
3 Yogo Teacher Training 41
3.1 Courses 41
3.2 Curriculum for Student Yogo Teachers 41
3.3 Core Curriculum 42
4 Roles of Yogo Teachers 43
5 Health Education 45
5.1 The Framework of School Education in Japan 45
5.2 Health Education at School 46
5.2.1 Health Instruction at School 46
5.2.2 Health Guidance 46
5.2.3 Comprehensive Learning Time 47
6 Health Promotion 47
References 48
Muto_Ch04_O.pdf 49
New Strategy on Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Lifestyle-Related Diseases Focusing on Metabolic Syndrome in Japan 49
1 Introduction 50
2 Outline of Measures for New Lifestyle-Related Diseases ­­in Japan 51
2.1 Lifestyle-Related Diseases Measure Based on Health Insurance Reform 51
3 Standardizing Health Assessment and Lifestyle Modification Advice Program 52
3.1 The Components of Health Checkups 52
3.2 Selecting and Ranking the Patients 53
4 Lifestyle Modification Program 55
5 Preliminary Calculation of Persons Who Would Need Support Offered 55
6 Conclusion 56
References 57
Muto_Ch05_O.pdf 58
Sensory Awakening as a New Approach to Health Promotion 58
1 Introduction 58
2 Characteristics of Japanese Health-Related Mindsets as Challenges 59
2.1 Challenges Relating to Language Structure 59
2.2 Challenges Relating to Top-Down Mentality 60
2.3 Challenges Relating to Group Awareness 61
3 Sensory Awakening as New Directions of HP& HE
4 Sensory Awakening as a Core HP& HE Program
5 Two Workshop Designs for HP& HE
5.1 Workshop for Healthy Participants, Using Blindfolded Walking 64
5.2 Workshop for Sensory Disabled Participants, Using Touch Sense 64
6 Conclusions 65
References 66
Muto_Ch06_O.pdf 68
Health Promotion and Education in Thailand in Comparison with the Japanese Health Care System and Health Informatics 68
1 Health Status Concerning Health Promotion in Thailand [1] 69
1.1 Life Expectancy at Birth 69
1.2 Infant Mortality 69
1.3 Causes of Death 69
1.4 HIV/AIDS 70
1.5 Heart Diseases, Diabetes, and Hypertension 70
1.6 Relationship Between Risk Factors and Health Problems 70
1.7 Tobacco Consumption 71
1.8 Alcoholic Beverage Consumption 71
1.9 Substance Abuse 71
1.10 Sexual Behavior 72
2 The 6th Global Conference on Health Promotion in Thailand 72
2.1 Make the Promotion of Health a Core Responsibility for All Government Departments: Support for Policy Recommendations an 72
2.2 Make the Promotion of Health a Requirement for Good Corporate Practice 72
2.2.1 Campaign on Exercise for Health 72
2.3 Make the Promotion of Health a Key Focus of Communities and Civil Society 73
2.3.1 Establishment of the Health Promotion Fund 73
2.3.2 Health Promotion for Particular Age Groups [2] 73
School-Age and Youth Groups 73
Elderly Population Group 73
Mental Health Promotion 74
Establishment of Mental Health Crisis Centre 74
Promotion of Community-Based Mental Health Program 74
3 Current Health Promotion in Thailand 74
3.1 Strengthening Health Systems Through National Health System Reform 74
3.2 Strengthening Health Systems and Community Empowerment Through Partnerships and Intersectoral Action, Building Capacity f 75
3.2.1 The Nurses of the Community Project in Thailand [3–5] 75
Background 75
Objectives 75
Underlying Values and Principles 75
Knowledge Base/Evidence Base 76
Context of Intervention/Project/Work 76
Methods 76
Results and Conclusions 76
3.2.2 Empowering Through Strengths: Community Strengthening in Thailand [6–8] 77
Introduction 77
Key Stakeholders and Actors as Prime Strengths for Community Development 77
Actions and Process Contributing to Developing Initiatives and “How to” in Community Strengthening 78
Outputs and Outcomes of Community Strengthening Lay Strong Foundations for Community Systems Development 78
Conclusion 79
4 Primary Health Care 2008 and the Reform of Community Health and Nursing System in Thailand: Integrated Approach of Primary 80
5 Introduction of Health Care Informatics in Community Health Care Systems Across Japan (Katsumasa Ota) 81
5.1 Telemedicine 81
5.2 Regional Medical Care Network 81
6 Health GIS and Area Studies (Shoichiro Hara) 82
6.1 Introduction 82
6.2 Area Informatics and Health GIS 83
References 84
Muto_Ch07_O.pdf 85
Development of a Robot-Assisted Activity Program for Elderly People Incorporating Reading Aloud and Arithmetic Calculation 85
1 Introduction 85
2 Method 86
2.1 Subjects 86
2.2 Sensitive Communication Robots 87
2.3 Learning Content 88
2.4 Investigation and Measurements 89
2.5 Ethics 90
3 Results 90
3.1 Number of Times Learning Was Implemented 90
3.2 Observation of Behavior 91
3.3 Focus Group Interview 92
4 Discussion 93
References 94
Muto_Ch08_O.pdf 96
Health Promotion for Cancer Survivors: New Paradigm Beyond Prevention and Treatment 96
1 Cancer in the Japanese Context 96
2 Health Promotion for Cancer Survivors 97
3 “From Cancer Patient to Cancer Survivor” 97
4 Effectiveness of Health Promotion Intervention for Persons with Cancer 98
5 YWCAEncore: A Multidimensional Fitness Program for Women with Breast Cancer 99
6 Role of the Healthcare Provider in Promoting Survivors’ Lifestyle Change 101
7 Conclusion 102
References 102
Muto_Ch09_O.pdf 105
Alternative Medicine and Health Promotion 105
1 Introduction 105
2 Relationship Between Alternative Medicine and Health Promotion 106
3 Health Promotion 106
3.1 Policy of Japan Concerning Health Promotion 108
4 Alternative Medicine in Eastern Asia 109
4.1 Definition of Alternative Medicine 110
4.2 Indian-Ayurvedic Medicine 110
4.3 Traditional Chinese Medicine 112
4.4 Common Features of Ayurvedic Medicine and TCM 113
5 Integration of Health Promotion and Alternative Medicine 114
References 115
Muto_PartII_O.pdf 117
Part II Asian Perspectives on Health Promotion and Education 117
Muto_Ch10_O.pdf 118
Key Players in Health Promotion Policy in the Northern Part of the Western Pacific 118
1 Role of International Union for Health Promotion and Education 118
2 IUHPE/NPWP (IUHPE Branch of the Northern Part of Western Pacific Region) 120
3 Importance of Collaboration of Service Providers for the Development of Health Promotion 120
References 122
Muto_Ch11_O.pdf 123
Community-Based Participatory Research: A Promising Approach to Address Social Determinants of Health 123
1 Social Determinants of Health and Health Inequity 123
1.1 International Discussions on Social Determinants of Health and Health Inequity 123
1.2 Recent Recommendations 124
2 Community-Based Participatory Research as a Promising Approach 127
2.1 Community-Based Participatory Research 127
2.2 Evidence of CBPR Application 128
2.3 CBPR Challenges 129
2.4 Applying CBPR in Asian Contexts 129
2.5 CBPR Implementation Models 131
3 Conclusion 132
References 133
Muto_Ch12_O.pdf 135
Toward Development of Intervention Methods for Strengthening the Sense of Coherence: Suggestions from Japan 135
1 Purpose 136
2 Problems of Theories on Improvement of SOC During Adulthood 137
3 Results of Cross-Sectional Studies on SOC-Related Factors Found Encouraging for Future Practice and Policy 138
4 Suggestions for Research on Workplace Conditions to Enhance Workers’ SOC and Intervention Methods 139
4.1 Examples of Cross-Sectional Studies 139
4.2 Example of a Longitudinal Study 140
4.3 Suggestions for Intervention Methods 141
5 The SOC-Enhancing Program Developed by Langeland for People with Mental Health Problems 141
5.1 Theoretical Basis of the Program Development 142
5.2 Program Content and the Method 143
6 Implications of SOC Enhancement Experienced by Participants of the Chronic Disease Self-Management Program in Japan 144
6.1 A New Type of Patient Support Program 144
6.2 CDSMP and the Enhancement of SOC 145
6.3 What Strengthens SOC? 145
7 Implications of Qualitative Studies on SOC 146
8 Summary 147
References 148
Muto_Ch13_O.pdf 150
Social Capital and Population Approach 150
1 Concept of Social Capital 150
2 Cultural Key Concepts Related to Social Capital in Japan 151
3 Nonprofessional Disaster Volunteers 153
4 Population Approach 153
5 Population Approach by Municipalities in Japan 155
6 Taxation for Population Approach 155
References 156
Muto_Ch14_O.pdf 158
Health Promotion and Healthy City Projects in Korea 158
1 Introduction 158
1.1 Background 158
1.2 Data Collection 159
2 Results 160
2.1 Policy Formulation 160
2.2 Evaluation of Policy 162
2.3 Monitoring, Survey, and Research 163
2.4 Implementation 163
2.5 Professional Education in Health Promotion and Professional Associations 165
2.5.1 Legal System Based on Health Promotion and Education 165
2.5.2 Classification of the Health Educator 165
2.6 Healthy Cities Project 166
2.6.1 Analysis of Healthy City Plan 166
2.6.2 Characteristics of Healthy Cities by Type 166
2.7 Funding 168
3 Discussion 168
References 170
Muto_Ch15_O.pdf 172
A Network of Healthy Cities in Asia and the Pacific: The Alliance for Healthy Cities 172
1 Background to the Foundation of a Network of Healthy Cities: The Alliance for Healthy Cities 172
2 Structure 173
3 Activities of the Network 174
4 Evaluation by the Members of the Network 175
4.1 Progress in Cities 175
4.2 Taking Advantage of Being Part of a Network 176
4.3 Measures to Strengthen Healthy Cities Initiatives Within and Beyond the Network 177
4.4 Areas for Academic Activities 177
References 178
Muto_Ch16_O.pdf 179
Empowerment in Health and Community Settings 179
1 Introduction 179
2 CASE Model of Community Empowerment 181
3 Empowerment in Health and Community Settings 181
4 Factors in the Success of Any Empowerment Efforts 184
4.1 Creating a Foundation for an “Empowerment Culture” 184
4.2 Understanding the Cultural Context Within Which Work Is Being Done 185
4.3 Intentionally Promoting Inclusive and Representative Participation at All Stages of Empowerment 185
4.4 Designing Programs and Policies Specifically and Appropriately to Address Targeted Outcomes 186
4.5 Utilizing Information Technology Effectively 186
4.6 Conducting Regular and Comprehensive Evaluations Using Multiple Empirical Methods 187
4.7 Providing Both Consistency and Flexibility in Responding to Needs 187
4.8 Demonstrating a Clear Commitment to Continuous Development and Sustainability 188
4.9 Creating a Friendly and Stimulating Environment 188
4.10 Developing an Underlying Empathic Orientation to People and Mutual Cooperation with the Goal of Self-Actualization 188
5 Conclusion 189
References 189
Muto_Ch17_O.pdf 190
Health Communication 190
1 What Is Health Communication? 190
2 Theories and Models for Health Communication 191
3 Social Marketing 193
4 Examples of Health Communication and Their Effectiveness 194
5 A Theory-Based Health Communication in Japan: The Case of Kushima 195
6 Future Directions 196
References 197
Muto_Ch18_O.pdf 199
Cost-Benefit of Health Promotion: Will It Pay Off? Japan’s Venture Against Metabolic Syndrome 199
1 Introduction 199
2 Existing Evidence 200
3 Evidence from Japan 201
4 Background to Japan’s Health Care Reform 2008 203
5 Menus of the Health Guidance 204
6 Price of the Health Screening/Guidance 205
7 Experience in the First Year 205
8 Expected Effects on Health Care Cost 207
9 Cost-Benefit of Health Guidance 208
9.1 Population 208
9.2 Cost of Health Guidance 209
9.3 Savings on Health Care Expenditure 209
9.4 Cost-Benefit Analysis 209
10 Conclusion 210
References 211
Muto_PartIII_O.pdf 213
Part IIIAsian Activities and Evidence on Health Promotion and Education in Terms of Settings 213
Muto_Ch19_O.pdf 214
Health Promotion Activity and Outcomes in the Community 214
1 Health Promotion in the Community 215
1.1 Health Status in Japan 215
1.1.1 Changing Disease Pattern 215
1.1.2 Japanese Life Expectancy Among the OECD Countries 215
2 Healthy Japan 21 215
2.1 Main Goals of Healthy Japan 21 215
2.2 Main Goals of Healthy Japan 21 216
2.3 Seventy Targeted Values for the National Agenda 217
3 Outcomes of the Health Promotion Program for the People and Promotional Factors in Soyo, Kumamoto Prefecture [2, 3 217
3.1 Purpose 217
3.2 Implementation Program 217
3.3 Main Outcome of the Health Promotion Program 218
3.4 Health Promotion Improving Factors 218
4 A 2-Year Prospective Study for the Aged Aiming to Promote “Healthy Until Death” of 16 Municipalities of Japan 219
4.1 Background 219
4.2 Purpose 219
4.3 Method and Process 219
4.4 Questionnaire 219
4.5 Analysis 220
4.6 Main Results 220
4.7 Perspectives on the Future 220
References 221
Muto_Ch20_O.pdf 222
Japan’s Current Health Issues and Health Promotion in the Community Setting: Focus on Public Health Nurses’ Activities 222
1 Japan’s Health Promotion Policy and Evaluation 222
2 Public Health Nurses in Charge of Health Promotion 223
3 Rewarding Results of “Healthy Parents and Children 21” and Unpromising Results of “Healthy Japan 21” 224
4 Health Center PHNs in Charge of Activities Promoting the Cooperation of Community Health and Occupational Health 226
5 Public Health Nurses Working in Municipalities to Promote Activities Pertaining to Prevention of Child Abuse 227
6 Several Tasks Relating to the Training of PHNs 227
References 228
Muto_Ch21_O.pdf 229
Outcomes of Lifestyle Improvement Programs in the Last Ten Years in Asia 229
1 Introduction 229
2 Short-Term Effect of Community Intervention 230
3 Medium-Term Effect of Community Intervention 231
4 Long-Term Effect of Community Intervention 232
5 Factors Influencing Effect of Intervention 234
6 Discussion 234
References 235
Muto_Ch22_O.pdf 238
Health Promoting Schools in Taiwan: Present Status and Future Perspectives 238
1 Introduction 238
2 The Importance of School Health in Taiwan: Education and Health Contexts 239
2.1 The Educational System 240
2.2 The Ministry of Education Division/Institution Responsible for School Health 242
2.2.1 School Health Council 242
2.2.2 Division of School Health 242
2.2.3 Department of Health Promotion and Health Education, National Taiwan Normal University 243
2.3 The Health Care Delivery System 243
2.3.1 Health Education Promoting Council 243
2.3.2 Bureau of Health Promotion 244
2.4 Nongovernmental Organizations Related to School Health 245
3 Development of Health Promoting Schools in Taiwan (in Brief) 245
4 The Major Components of the Health Promoting School Program 246
4.1 School Health Policies 246
4.2 School Health Services 248
4.2.1 Management of the Health Center 248
4.2.2 Health Examinations for Students 248
4.2.3 Follow-Up 248
4.2.4 Services for Disabled Students 249
4.2.5 Emergency Care on Campus 249
4.2.6 Communicable Disease Control 249
4.2.7 School Health Nursing Services 249
4.3 Personal Health Skills/Health Education Curriculum 250
4.4 The Physical Environment of the School 251
4.5 The School’s Social Environment 251
4.6 Community Relationships 251
5 Future Perspectives 252
5.1 School Health Policy and Administration 252
5.2 School Health Services 252
5.3 School Health Instruction 252
5.4 Healthful School Environment 253
5.5 School Health Survey and Research 253
5.6 Communication and Collaboration with Domestic and International Professional Organizations 253
6 Conclusion 253
References 254
Muto_Ch23_O.pdf 256
Workplace Health Promotion in Korea 256
1 Background 256
2 New Trends in Wellness 257
3 Evidence-Based Workplace Health Promotion Program in Korea 258
4 Implementation of Employees’ Health Promotion Programs by the Setting Approach 259
4.1 Guidelines in the Hospital Setting 259
4.2 Guideline in Workplace Setting by the Department of Health and Human Resources (Figs. 3 and 4) [34] 261
4.2.1 Protocol 1: The Companies Have No Concept to Prevent WRCVD 261
4.2.2 Protocol 2: For the Companies Interested in Prevention of WRCVD But Have No Intention to Implement It 262
4.2.3 Protocol 3: For Companies Having No Intention to Maintain, Modify, and Expand the Program 262
4.2.4 Protocol 4: What Should Be Evaluated in Company? 263
4.3 Guidelines in the Community Setting by Public Health Center [36] 265
5 Conclusion 266
References 266
Muto_Ch24_O.pdf 268
Characteristics of Workplace Health Promotion in Japan 268
1 Introduction 268
2 Short History of WHP in Japan 269
3 New Trend of WHP in Japan 269
4 Characteristics of WHP in Japan 270
4.1 WHP Based on Law 270
4.2 Important Role of Ministry of HLW 271
4.3 Financial Assistance by the Government 271
4.4 Intervention in Personal Lifestyles 271
4.5 Health Resources 272
4.6 Evaluations of WHP in Japan 272
5 Future Tasks of WHP in Japan 273
5.1 WHP Under OSHMS 273
5.2 WHP Considering Work–Life Balance 273
5.3 WHP at SSEs 273
5.4 WHP as CSR 274
6 Conclusion 274
References 275
Muto_Ch25_O.pdf 276
Tokyo Gas Health Promotion Program 276
1 Outline of the Tokyo Gas Company 276
2 Health Examination 278
3 Health Promotion Program 281
4 Effects of the Health Promotion Program 284
5 Conclusion 286
References 286
Muto_PartIV_O.pdf 287
Part IV Asian Activities and Evidence on Health Promotion and Education in Terms of Lifestyles 287
Muto_Ch26_O.pdf 288
Evidence of Physical Activity for Disease Control and Health Promotion 288
1 Introduction 288
2 Literature Search of Scientific Evidence of Physical Activity 289
3 Effect of Physical Activity on the Risk of Stroke 289
4 Effect of Physical Activity on the Risk of Cardiovascular Disease 292
5 Effect of Physical Activity on the Risk for Cancer 294
References 298
Muto_Ch27_O.pdf 300
Using Computer-Tailored Technology to Promote Physical Activity and Healthy Eating: A Review of the Literature and Asian-Paci 300
1 Introduction 300
2 Methods 301
2.1 Search Strategy 301
2.2 Selection of Articles 302
2.3 Data Extraction 302
3 Results 311
3.1 Selection of Articles 311
3.2 Assessment of Methodological Quality 312
3.3 Data Extraction 312
3.3.1 Characteristics of the Selected Studies 312
3.3.2 Characteristics of Study Populations 312
3.3.3 Characteristics of the Interventions 312
3.4 Effectiveness of Intervention 314
3.5 Asian-Pacific Evidence 315
4 Discussion 315
4.1 Effectiveness of Computer-Tailored Interventions 315
4.2 Channel of Intervention Delivery 317
5 Conclusion 317
References 317
Muto_Ch28_O.pdf 320
Dietary Lifestyle Interventions of Energy Restriction for Weight Control and Salt Reduction for Prevention of Hypertensive Ris 320
1 Introduction 320
2 Activities and Evidence Regarding Dietary Lifestyle Intervention for Weight Control 321
2.1 Energy Restriction and Dietary Habits 321
2.2 Weight Loss Approaches Including Dietary Targets 322
3 Activities and Evidence Regarding Dietary Lifestyle Intervention for Prevention of Hypertensive Risk 324
3.1 Salt Restriction and Dietary Habits 324
3.2 Salt Reduction Approaches for Hypertensive Risk Reduction Including Dietary Targets 324
4 Conclusion 326
References 327
Muto_Ch29_O.pdf 330
Building Capacity in Smoking Cessation Counseling Among Health Care Professionals in China 330
1 Introduction 330
2 Methods 331
2.1 Sample and Procedure 331
2.2 Training Program on Smoking Cessation Counseling 332
2.3 Instrument 332
2.4 Data Analysis 333
3 Results 333
4 Discussion 335
5 Limitations of the Study 336
6 Conclusion and Implications 337
References 337
Muto_Ch30_O.pdf 339
Issues of Korean Alcohol Policy Perspectives 339
1 Comprehensive Alcohol-Related Problems in Korea 339
2 Reviews on Effectiveness of Alcohol Policy 340
3 Korean Alcohol Policy 341
3.1 Liquor License System 341
3.2 Minimum Legal Drinking Age 342
3.3 Taxation 343
3.4 Drink-Driving Countermeasures 344
3.5 Regulating Alcohol Advertisement and Promotion 344
3.6 Education and Persuasion 345
3.7 Korean Alcohol Laws 346
4 Alcohol Control Policy Issues in Korea 347
5 Suggestions and Conclusions 349
References 350
Muto_PartV_O.pdf 353
Part VAsian Activities and Evidence on Health Promotion and Education in Terms of Disease 353
Muto_Ch31_O.pdf 354
Current Status and Prevention of Obesity 354
1 Visceral Fat Accumulation 354
2 Obesity in Adults 355
2.1 Japanese Trend 355
2.1.1 Current Trend in Recent Years 355
2.1.2 Changes Over the Years 356
2.1.3 Regional Differences Within Japan 357
2.2 Trends in Other Countries 358
3 Childhood Obesity 358
3.1. Japanese Trend 358
3.1.1 Current Trends in Recent Years 358
3.1.2 Changes Over the Years 359
3.1.3 Regional Differences Within Japan 359
3.2 Trends in Other Countries 360
4 Environmental Factors and Genetic Factors 361
4.1 b3-Adrenergic Receptor 361
4.2 Taste Preferences and Obesity 361
5 Measuring Waist Circumference 363
6 Comparisons of Anthropometric Indices 365
References 367
Muto_Ch32_O.pdf 369
Waist-to-Height Ratio Is the Best Anthropometric Index for Screening the Risk of Obesity-Related Disorders 369
1 Introduction 369
2 Evidence Supporting WHtR as an Effective Anthropometric Index of Obesity-Related Disorders in Adults 370
2.1 Shortcomings of Using Waist Circumference Alone for Screening the Risk of Obesity-Related Disorders 370
2.2 Effectiveness of WHtR as a Parameter of MetabolicRisk Factors 371
2.2.1 Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) Risk Factors of Subjects with Full BMI Ranges 371
2.2.2 CVD Risk Factors of Nonobese Subjects Defined by BMI 371
2.2.3 Other Metabolic Risk Factors in Subjects with Metabolic Syndrome, as Defined by WHtR, in Subjects of Normal BMI 371
2.3 Evidence Supporting WHtR as a Parameter of Metabolic Risk of Diabetes Mellitus 372
2.4 Effectiveness of WHtR as a Parameter of Risk of Gout 372
2.5 Effectiveness of WHtR as a Parameter of Risk of CVD 372
2.6 Effectiveness of WHtR as a Parameter of Risk of Stroke and Early Carotid Intima-Media Thickening 372
2.7 Effectiveness of WHtR as a Parameter of the Risk of Renal Disease 372
3 Evidence Supporting WHtR as a Parameter of Metabolic Risk Factors in Children and Adolescents 373
4 Simplicity of WHtR as a Global Message 373
5 Conclusion 373
References 373
Muto_Ch33_O.pdf 377
Health Promotion and Education Based on the Features of Cardiovascular Disease in Asia 377
1 Features of Cardiovascular Disease in the Asia-Pacific Region 377
2 Traditional Cardiovascular Disease Prevention Activities 379
3 Recent Activities 381
4 Screening and Health Intervention 383
References 383
Muto_Ch34_O.pdf 385
Prevention and Psychological Intervention in Depression and Stress-Related Conditions 385
1 Introduction 386
2 Using an Active Learning Method to Prevent a Suicide Epidemic in Japan 387
2.1 Education About Depression in Schools 387
2.2 Case-Method Teaching Simulation Exercise 387
2.3 Problem-Solving Paradigm for Public Health 389
2.3.1 Defining the Problem 389
2.3.2 Measuring the Magnitude 389
2.3.3 Understanding Key Determinants 390
2.3.4 Developing Prevention/Intervention Strategies 390
2.3.5 Setting Policies/Priorities 390
2.3.6 Identifying the Best Solution 390
2.3.7 Implementation and Evaluation 390
2.4 Conclusions from Case-Method Teaching 390
3 Analysis of the Public’s Psychological Status During Stressful Events 391
4 Patient–Physician Communication: Toward Satisfying Distressed People 393
4.1 Overview 393
4.2 The RIAS 393
4.3 A Study Using the RIAS 395
4.4 Conclusions from Medical Communication Research 396
5 Cognitive Behavior Therapies for Depression and Stress-Related Conditions 396
6 Summary and Future Directions 398
References 398
Muto_Ch35_O.pdf 400
Principles and Activities of Oral Health Promotion in Asian Countries 400
1 Oral Health and General Health 400
2 Main Oral Diseases and Preventive Strategies 403
2.1 Dental Caries 403
2.2 Periodontal Diseases 404
2.3 Oral Cancer 404
3 Oral Health Status in Each Life Stage and Dental Workforce in Asian Countries 405
3.1 Preschool Children 405
3.2 School Children 406
3.3 Adults 407
3.4 Elderly People 407
3.5 Dental Workforce 407
4 Oral Health Promotion Activities in Asian Countries 408
4.1 Maternal and Child Health and School Health System in Japan 408
4.2 Fluoride Mouthrinsing Program in Japan 409
4.3 The 8020 Campaign in Japan 409
4.4 Water Fluoridation in Asian Countries 410
4.5 Love Teeth Day Campaign in China 411
5 Future Challenges in Asian Countries 411
References 414
Muto_Ch36_O.pdf 415
New Development in Education to Prevent Sexual Transmitted Infections, Especially HIV/AIDS: Actual Practice of SexualityHealt 415
1 Why Introduce Peer Counseling into Sexuality Health Education? 415
2 International Trends in Adolescent Peer Counseling 416
3 Start of Adolescent Peer Counseling in Japan and Its Nationwide Development Based on the Healthy Parents and Children 21 C 417
3.1 Start of Adolescent Peer Counseling in Japan 417
3.2 Nationwide Development Based on the Healthy Parents and Children 21 Campaign and Theory Construction of Peer Counseling 418
3.2.1 Nationwide Development Based on the Healthy Parents and Children 21 Campaign 418
3.2.2 Theoretical and Practical Grounds of Peer Counseling Approach in Japan 419
4 How to Raise Awareness of Sexually Transmitted Infections, Especially HIV/AIDS, Among Adolescents Who See Themas Someone E 420
4.1 Practical Examples of Sexual Health Education 420
4.2 Evaluation of Sexuality Health Education by Means of Peer Counseling Approach [6, 10, 13] 423
4.3 Supporting STI Preventive Education and Peer Counseling Activities in Developing Countries 425
5 Conclusion 425
References 426
Muto_Ch37_O.pdf 427
School-Based Safety Promotion in Japan 427
1 Introduction 428
2 Statistics 428
2.1 Death and Injury of Children 428
2.2 Victims of Crime 429
2.3 Injury at School 431
3 Strategy for Injury Prevention 431
3.1 Risk and Crisis Management in School 431
3.2 Strategies and Measures for School Safety 432
3.3 Objectives and Contents of Safety Education 433
3.4 Cooperation with Family, Community, and Relevant Organizations 435
3.5 Resources 435
4 Problems of School-Based Safety Promotion in Japan 435
References 436
Muto_Ch38_O.pdf 437
“Safe Community” in Asia: Safety Promotion Based on Injury Prevention 437
1 Introduction 437
2 Features of Safe Community in the Six Indicators [3] 438
2.1 Indicator 1: An Infrastructure Based on Partnership and Collaborations, Governed by a Cross-Sectional Group That Is Resp 439
2.2 Indicator 2: Long-Term, Sustainable Programs Covering Both Genders and All Ages, Environments, and Situations 439
2.3 Indicator 3: Programs That Target High-Risk Groups and Environments, and Programs That Promote Safety for Vulnerable Gr 440
2.4 Indicator 4: Programs That Document the Frequency and Causes of Injuries 441
2.5 Indicator 5: Evaluation Measures to Assess Programs, Processes, and the Effects of Change 441
2.6 Indicator 6: Ongoing Participation in National and International Safe Communities Networks 442
2.7 Distinctions of the Safe Community Model 442
3 Case Study: Contribution to Health Promotion Through a Safe Community Activity 443
3.1 Overview of Kameoka City, Kyoto Prefecture, Japan 443
3.2 Strategies of Safety Promotion Based on the Six Indicators [7] 443
3.3 Discussion 444
4 Conclusion 445
References 445
Muto_Index_O.pdf 447