Vegetables, Whole Grains, and Their Derivatives in Cancer Prevention (eBook)

Preface 5
Contents 7
Contributors 9
Diet and Cancer, How to Prevent or Cure Tumors with the Help of Food, Beverages and Their Derivatives 12
References 15
1 Cruciferous Vegetables -- and Biological Activity of Isothiocyanates and Indoles 17
1.1 Introduction 18
1.2 Epidemiological Evidence for the Chemoprotective Effect of Cruciferous Vegetables 19
1.2.1 Cruciferous Vegetables and Genetic Polymorphisms at GST Loci 21
1.2.2 Lung Cancer 22
1.2.3 Colorectal Cancer 23
1.2.4 Breast Cancer 23
1.2.5 Prostate Cancer 23
1.3 Organosulphur Compounds in Cruciferous Vegetables 24
1.4 Biological Activity of Isothiocyanates 26
1.4.1 Glucosinolate Degradation 26
1.4.2 Human Metabolism of Isothiocyanates and Indoles 27
1.5 Anticarcinogenic Activity of Isothiocyanates and Indoles in Cancer Rodent Models 29
1.5.1 Inhibition of Phase 1 Enzymes and DNA-Adducts 30
1.5.2 Induction of Phase 2 Detoxification Enzymes 30
1.5.3 Isothiocyanates and Oxidative Stress 31
1.5.4 Apoptosis Mediated by Isothiocyanates 33
1.5.5 Cell Cycle Regulation by Isothiocyanates 33
1.5.6 Microtubule Disruption by Isothiocyanates 34
1.5.7 Histone Modification by Isothiocyanates 35
1.5.8 Inhibition of Angiogenesis and Metastasis by Isothiocyanates 35
1.6 Anticarcinogenic Activity of Indoles: Modulation of Hormone Receptor Signalling 36
1.7 Human Intervention Studies 37
1.8 Conclusions 38
References 38
2 Green Leafy Vegetables in Cancer Prevention 47
2.1 Introduction 48
2.2 Green Leafy Vegetables as Sources of Chemopreventive Compounds 48
2.2.1 Chlorophylls and Chlorophyllins 48
2.2.2 Folate 50
2.3 Spinach (Spinacia oleracea) 54
2.3.1 Glycolipids Fraction from Spinach 54
2.3.2 A Water-Soluble Natural Antioxidant (NAO) 55
2.3.3 Neoxanthin, a Major Carotenoid in Green Leafy Vegetables 55
2.4 Perilla (Perilla frutescens) 56
2.4.1 Perilla Leaf Extracts (PLEs) 56
2.4.2 Luteolin, a Flavonoid 56
2.4.3 Rosmarinic Acid (RA), a Polyphenol 57
2.4.4 Tormentic Acid, a Triterpene 57
2.5 Conclusions 58
References 58
3 The Role of Tomato Lycopene in Cancer Prevention 62
3.1 Introduction 63
3.2 Dietary Sources and Bioavailability of Lycopene 63
3.3 Mechanism of Action of Lycopene 64
3.3.1 Activation of the Antioxidant Response Element (ARE) Transcription System and the Induction of Phase II Enzymes 64
3.3.2 Interference with the Insulin Like Growth Factor (IGF) System 65
3.3.2.1 Carotenoids and Regulation of the Cell Cycle 67
3.3.2.2 Lycopene and the IGF System in Prostate Cancer 67
3.3.2.3 Human Intervention Studies 69
3.3.3 Hormone-Dependent Cancers 70
3.3.3.1 Interference with Estrogenic Activity in Hormone-Dependent Cancers 71
3.3.3.2 Interference with Androgen Activity in Prostate Cancer 73
3.4 Safety of Lycopene 74
3.5 Concluding Remarks 75
References 76
4 b-Carotene and Other Carotenoids in Cancer Prevention 82
4.1 Introduction 83
4.2 Dietary Sources, Bioavailability and Metabolism 83
4.2.1 Dietary Sources 83
4.2.2 Bioavailability 85
4.2.3 Metabolism 85
4.3 Biological Activity of b-Carotene 86
4.3.1 Beneficial Effects 86
4.3.1.1 Growth Inhibition and Induction of Apoptosis 86
4.3.1.2 Antioxidant Function 87
4.3.1.3 Regulation of Transcriptional Receptors 88
4.3.1.4 Inhibition on Malignant Transformation 88
4.3.1.5 b-Carotene and Antioxidant Combinations 89
4.3.2 Harmful Effects and Potential Mechanisms 91
4.3.2.1 Pro-oxidant Function 92
4.3.2.2 Induction of CYP450 Enzymes 94
4.3.2.3 Enhancement of Carcinogen Binding to DNA 95
4.4 Other Carotenoids and Effects on Carcinogenesis 95
4.4.1 -Carotene 95
4.4.2 Lutein 96
4.4.3 Zeaxanthin 97
4.4.4 -Cryptoxanthin 97
4.5 Conclusions 98
References 99
5 The Role of Alliums and their Sulfur and Selenium Constituents in Cancer Prevention 105
5.1 Introduction 106
5.2 Dietary Sources of Sulfur and Selenium Compounds 108
5.3 Uptake and Bioavailability 109
5.3.1 Uptake and Bioavailability of Organosulfur Compounds 109
5.3.2 Uptake and Bioavailability of Organoselenium Compounds 109
5.4 Cancer Prevention and the Mechanisms of Action 111
5.4.1 Comparison of Sulfur and Selenium Analogs in Cancer Prevention 111
5.4.2 Preclinical Efficacy Studies 112
5.4.3 Mechanisms of Cancer Prevention by Organosulfur Compounds 113
5.4.4 Mechanisms of Cancer Prevention by Organoselenium Compounds 117
5.4.5 Aminotransferases, L-Amino Acid Oxidase and ß-LyasesMetabolize Allium-Derived Organosulfurand Organoselenium L-Cysteine Conjugates 118
5.5 Epidemiology, Clinical Intervention Studies and Safety Aspects 122
5.6 Summary and Future Recommendations 125
References 126
6 Molecular Mechanisms of Chemoprevention with Capsaicinoids from Chili Peppers 136
6.1 Chili Peppers: A Potential Source of Chemopreventive Phytochemicals 137
6.2 Chemoprevention with Capsaicinoids: In Vivo Studies 138
6.3 Molecular Mechanisms of Chemoprevention with Capsaicinoids 139
6.3.1 Effects on Carcinogen Metabolism 139
6.3.2 Antioxidant Effects 142
6.3.3 Anti-inflammatory Effects 143
6.3.4 Effects on Tumor Cell Proliferation 145
6.3.5 Effects on Cancer Cell Apoptosis 145
6.3.6 Effects on Tumor Angiogenesis 148
6.4 Pharmacokinetics of Capsaicinoids 148
6.5 Conclusion 149
References 150
7 Influence of dietary Soy Isoflavones Genistein and Daidzein on Genotoxicity and Mammary Carcinogenicity in Rats Exposed to the Model Carcinogen 7,12-Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) 156
7.1 Introduction 157
7.2 Animals, Diets, and Carcinogen Treatment 159
7.3 Results 161
7.3.1 Mortality 161
7.3.2 Isoflavone Levels Detected in Serum 161
7.3.3 Food Intake, Body and Organ Weights 162
7.3.4 Effect of GE on DMBA Mutagenesis in the Heart 163
7.3.5 Effect of GE on DMBA Mutagenesis in the Liver 168
7.3.6 Effect of DZ and GE on DMBA Mutagenesis and Carcinogenesis in the Mammary Gland 170
7.3.7 Effect of DZ and GE on DMBA Mutagenesis and Carcinogenesis in the Uterus 175
7.3.8 Effect of DZ and GE on Histopathological Lesions in Other Organs/Tissues 179
7.4 Summary and Conclusions 180
References 181
8 The Potential Roles of Seeds and Seed Bioactives on the Prevention and Treatment of Breast and Prostate Cancer 185
8.1 Introduction 186
8.2 Flaxseed 187
8.2.1 Flaxseed and Breast Cancer 187
8.2.1.1 Modulation of Mammary Gland Development 187
8.2.1.2 Early Life Flaxseed Exposure and Later Breast Cancer Development 189
8.2.1.3 Adult Flaxseed Exposure and Breast Cancer Growth and Development 190
8.2.2 Flaxseed and Prostate Cancer 196
8.2.2.1 Effects on Prostate Cancer Growth and Development in Experimental Models 196
8.2.2.2 Effects on Prostate Cancer Biomarkers in Humans 198
8.3 Grape Seed 199
8.3.1 Grape Seed and Breast Cancer 199
8.3.1.1 Effects on Breast Cancer Growth and Development in Experimental Models 199
8.3.1.2 Effects on Grape Seed on Breast Cancer Biomarkers in Humans 201
8.3.2 Grape Seed and Prostate Cancer 201
8.3.2.1 Effects on Prostate Cancer Cell Growth and Modulation of Cell Signaling 202
8.3.2.2 Effects on Prostate Cancer Growth In Vivo 204
8.4 Other Seeds and Their Roles in Breast and Prostate Cancer 204
8.5 Conclusions 209
References 210
9 Nuts as Part of a Whole Diet Approach to Cancer Prevention 216
9.1 Introduction 216
9.2 Nuts in Cancer Prevention 217
9.2.1 Main Composition of Tree Nuts 217
9.2.2 Evidence Behind Nuts and Cancer 218
9.2.3 Evidence for Cancer Related Benefits in the Main Components of Nut 219
9.2.3.1 -Linolenic Acid and Possible Benifits of Lipids in Tree Nuts 219
9.2.3.2 Phytochemicals 221
9.2.3.3 Phytosterols 221
9.2.3.4 Phenolic Compounds 222
9.2.3.5 Others 222
9.3 Whole Diet Approach in Cancer Prevention 223
9.3.1 Common Mechanisms Related to Western-Type Diseases 223
9.3.2 Do Nuts Belong in a Healthy Diet? 224
9.3.3 Nuts Versus Its Components in Cancer Prevention 225
9.4 Conclusions 226
References 227
10 Whole Grains and Their Constituents in the Prevention of Colon Cancer 232
10.1 Introduction 233
10.2 Epidemiological Evidence on Whole Grains and Colon Cancer 233
10.3 Effects of Whole-grain Cereals and Their Constituents on Colon Carcinogenesis in Experimental Animals 236
10.3.1 Wheat and Its Constituents 236
10.3.2 Oats, Rye, and Barley and Their Constituents 242
10.3.3 Rice, Maize (corn) and Their Constituents 243
10.4 Mechanisms of Action of Whole Grains and Their Constituents in Colon Cancer 244
10.4.1 Production of Butyrate 245
10.4.2 Modulation of Bile Acid Metabolism 246
10.4.3 Phytoestrogens 248
10.5 Controlled Clinical Trials 249
10.6 Conclusions 250
References 251
Index 257