Designing Inclusive Interactions (eBook)

P. Langdon is Senior Research Associate at the University of Cambridge, UK, and is also External Examiner for the Kings College London and Guy's Hospital Intercollegiate MSc in Assistive Technology. Dr Langdon holds a PhD in Experimental Psychology from the University of Sheffield, UK. His research interests include the properties and design of Haptic interfaces; the representation and formulation of statistical data on disability; and the integration of software development and empirical methodology. P. John Clarkson is Professor of Engineering Design and Director of the Cambridge Engineering Design Centre at the University of Cambridge, UK. After receiving a PhD in Engineering (Electrical Machines) from the university, he spent seven years as Manager of the Advanced Process Group for PA Consulting Group's Technology Division. His current research interests are in engineering design, particularly the development of design methodologies to address specific design issues. P. Robinson is Professor of Computer Technology and Deputy Head of Department at the University of Cambridge Computer Laboratory in the UK. He is also a Fellow, Praelector and Director of Studies in Computer Science at Gonville & Caius College within the university, where he previously obtained his PhD in Computer Science. His research interests include human-computer interaction and electronic design automation.

Preface 5
Contents 7
List of Contributors 10
Part I Understanding Users for Inclusive Design 14
1 The Effects of Hand Strength on Pointing Performance 15
1.1 Introduction 15
1.2 Experiment One: Pointing Tasks 16
1.3 Experiment Two: Scanning Study 19
1.4 Experiment Three: Fitts’ Law Study 21
1.5 Discussion 23
1.6 References 24
2 Harnessing Different Dimensions of Space: The Built Environment in Auti-biographies 25
2.1 Introduction 25
2.2 Architectural Design and Autism 25
2.3 Through the Words of Themselves 26
2.4 Divergent Dimensions of Space 27
2.5 Interpreting Their Words 30
2.6 In a Wider Perspective 32
2.7 Acknowledgements 34
2.8 References 34
3 Have I Just Pressed Something? The Effects of Everyday Cold Temperatures on Dexterity 36
3.1 Introduction 36
3.2 Dexterity 37
3.3 Effects of the Cold on Dexterity 37
3.4 Aims and Objectives 38
3.5 Methods 38
3.6 Results 41
3.7 Discussion 43
3.8 Conclusion and Future Work 44
3.9 References 45
4 Understanding the Co-occurrence of Ability Loss 46
4.1 Introduction 46
4.2 Re-analysis of Disability Follow-up Survey Participants’ Answers 47
4.3 Insights from the Results 48
4.4 Conclusion 55
4.5 References 55
5 Accessibility is in the Palm of Your Hand 56
5.1 Introduction 56
5.2 Designing for the Majority 58
5.3 Methodology 59
5.4 Results and Discussion 62
5.5 Conclusion 64
5.6 Acknowledgements 65
5.7 References 65
Part II Measuring Inclusion 66
6 Quantifying Exclusion for Tasks Related to Product Interaction 67
6.1 Introduction 67
6.2 Re-analysis of Participants’ Answers to the Disability Follow-up Survey 68
6.3 Insights from the Results 70
6.4 Conclusion 78
6.5 References 78
7 Investigating the Accessibility of State Government Web Sites in Maryland 79
7.1 Introduction 79
7.2 Design Guidelines 80
7.3 Research Methodology 81
7.4 Results 84
7.5 Discussion 86
7.6 Conclusion 87
7.7 References 87
8 Developing User Data Tools: Challenges and Opportunities 89
8.1 Introduction 89
8.2 The Project 90
8.3 Findings 92
8.4 Conclusion 97
8.5 Acknowledgements 98
8.6 References 98
9 User-pack Interaction: Insights for Designing Inclusive Child-resistant Packaging 99
9.1 Introduction 99
9.2 Materials and Methods 100
9.3 Results 104
9.4 Discussion 108
9.5 Acknowledgments 109
9.6 References 109
10 A Colour Contrast Assessment System: Design for People with Visual Impairment 111
10.1 Colour Contrast Assessment Model and System Development 111
10.2 Vision Research 113
10.3 Model Development 114
10.4 Real-world Deployment and Concluding Remarks 118
10.5 Acknowledgements 119
10.6 References 119
Part III Inclusive Interaction 121
11 Evaluating the Cluster Scanning System 122
11.1 Introduction 122
11.2 The Scanning Systems 122
11.3 Evaluation Through Simulation 125
11.4 The Experiment 126
11.5 Conclusion 130
11.6 References 130
12 Facets of Prior Experience and Their Impact on Product Usability for Older Users 132
12.1 Facets and Measures of Experience 132
12.2 Investigating the Impact of Exposure, Competence and Specificity on Usability 134
12.3 Conclusion 140
12.4 References 140
13 Investigating Designers’ Cognitive Representations for Inclusive Interaction Between Products and Users 142
13.1 Introduction 142
13.2 Design Practice 145
13.3 Methodology and Analysis 146
13.4 Discussion and Conclusion 150
13.5 References 151
14 Prior Experience and Learning: Generational Effects upon Interaction 153
14.1 Introduction 153
14.2 Background 154
14.3 Full Scale Study 155
14.4 Results 157
14.5 Discussion 159
14.6 Conclusion 161
14.7 Future Work 162
14.8 References 162
Part IV Assistive Technology 163
15 Expressing Through Digital Photographs: An Assistive Tool for Persons with Aphasia 164
15.1 Introduction 164
15.2 Design Process 165
15.3 Understanding Capturing and Sharing Behaviour 167
15.4 Redesigning the Interface 170
15.5 Conclusion 172
15.6 Acknowledgments 172
15.7 References 173
16 An Investigation into Stroke Patients’ Utilisation of Feedback from Computer-based Technology 174
16.1 Introduction 174
16.2 Methodology 176
16.3 Discussion 180
16.4 References 181
17 How to Make a Telephone Call When You Cannot Operate a Telephone 184
17.1 Using a Scanning-based Environment Control System to Interact with the Immediate Surroundings 184
17.2 Conclusion 192
17.3 Acknowledgments 192
17.4 References 192
18 Husband, Daughter, Son and Postman, Hot-water, Knife and Towel: Assistive Strategies for Jar Opening 194
18.1 Introduction 194
18.2 Methodology 196
18.3 Findings 196
18.4 Discussion 200
18.5 Conclusion 201
18.6 References 202
19 Email Usability for Blind Users 204
19.1 Introduction 204
19.2 Related Work 204
19.3 Research Methodology 205
19.4 Results 206
19.5 Discussion 212
19.6 References 212
Part V Inclusion and Healthcare 214
20 The Involvement of Primary Schools in the Design of Healthcare Technology for Children 215
20.1 Introduction 215
20.2 Background 216
20.3 Preparing Trials with Primary Schools 217
20.4 Planning Trials with Primary Schools 219
20.5 Running Trials in Primary Schools 219
20.6 Post-trial Information 221
20.7 Application of Guidelines and FutureResearch 222
20.8 References 223
21 Gaming and Social Interactions in the Rehabilitation of Brain Injuries: A Pilot Study with the Nintendo Wii Console 225
21.1 Introduction 225
21.2 Rehabilitation with the Nintendo Wii Console 227
21.3 Wii Therapy Usability Study 228
21.4 Results and Discussion 229
21.5 Conclusion 233
21.6 Acknowledgements 233
21.7 References 233
22 Promoting Behaviour Change in Long Term Conditions Using a Self-management Platform 235
22.1 Introduction 235
22.2 Background to the Research 237
22.3 Methodology 238
22.4 Discussion and Future Work 242
22.5 References 243
Index of Contributors 245