Classic Papers in Critical Care (eBook)

Preface 5
Acknowledgments 6
Contents 7
Contributors 9
Ventilation 12
A preliminary report on the 1952 poliomyelitis epidemic in Copenhagen with special reference to the treatment of acute respiratory insufficiency 14
Experimental pulmonary edema due to intermittent positive pressure ventilation with high inflation pressures: protection by positive end- expiratory pressure 17
Optimum end- expiratory airway pressure in patients with acute pulmonary failure 19
Occult positive end-expiratory pressure in mechanically ventilated patients with airflow obstruction: the auto- PEEP effect 21
Pressure-volume curve of total respiratory system in acute respiratory failure: computed tomographic scan study 24
High inflation pressure pulmonary edema: respective effects of high airway pressure, high tidal volume, and positive end- expiratory pressure 26
Low mortality associated with low volume pressure limited ventilation with permissive hypercapnia in severe adult respiratory distress syndrome 28
A prospective study of indexes predicting the outcome of trials of weaning from mechanical ventilation 30
Mechanical ventilation: American College of Chest Physicians’ Consensus Conference 32
Noninvasive ventilation for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 34
Injurious ventilatory strategies increase cytokines and c-fos m- RNA expression in an isolated rat lung model 36
Ventilation with lower tidal volumes as compared with traditional tidal volumes for acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome 39
Lung injury 41
Interleukin-8 and development of adult respiratory distress syndrome in at- risk patient groups 42
Inhaled nitric oxide for the adult respiratory distress syndrome 45
Report of the American-European Consensus Conference on ARDS: definitions, mechanisms, relevant outcomes and clinical trial coordination 48
Randomized clinical trial of pressure-controlled inverse ratio ventilation and extracorporeal CO2 removal for adult respiratory distress syndrome 50
Improved survival of patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome ( ARDS): 1983– 1993 52
Effect of prolonged methylprednisolone therapy in unresolving acute respiratory distress syndrome: a randomized controlled trial 55
Aerosolized surfactant in adults with sepsis-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome 57
Relationships between lung computed tomographic density, gas exchange and PEEP in acute respiratory failure 60
Prone position in mechanically ventilated patients with severe acute respiratory failure 63
Acute respiratory distress in adults 66
The Heart 68
Exercitatio anatomica de motu cordis et sanguinis in animalibus ( on the movement of the heart and blood in animals) 70
Uber die Messung des Blutquantums in den Hertzventrikeln 73
Simultaneous determination of the greater and lesser circulation time, of the mean velocity of blood flow through the heart and lungs, of the cardiac output and an approximation of the amount of blood actively circulating in the heart and lungs 75
Physiological studies of the effects of intermittent positive pressure breathing on cardiac output in man 77
Ventricular function: Starling’s law of the heart studied by means of simultaneous right and left ventricular function curves in dog 80
Effects of Valsalva’s manoeuvre on the normal and failing circulation 83
The influence of atrial pressure on cardiac performance following myocardial infarction complicated by shock 85
Effect of isoproterenol, l-norepinephrine and intra-aortic counterpulsation on haemodynamics and myocardial metab-olism in shock following acute myocardial infarction 87
Respiratory muscle fatigue during cardiogenic shock 90
Prospective trial of supranormal values of survivors as therapeutic goals in high risk patients 92
Severe traumatic brain injury 96
Concerning a definite regulatory mechanism of the vasomotor centre which controls blood pressure during cerebral compression 98
Continuous recording of the ventricular fluid pressure in patients with severe acute traumatic brain injury: a preliminary report 100
Computerized axial tomography of the head: the EMI-scanner, a new device for direct examination of the brain ‘ in vivo’ 102
Assessment of coma and impaired consciousness: a practical scale 105
The role of secondary brain injury in determining outcome from severe head injury 107
Factors affecting excitatory amino acid release following severe human head injury 109
Increases in Bcl-2 and cleavage of caspase-1 and caspase-3 in human brain after head injury 113
Traumatic acute subdural hematoma 117
Adverse effects of prolonged hyperventilation in patients with severe head injury: a randomized clinical trial 120
Prevention of secondary ischemic insults after severe head injury 124
The gut and its role in circulatory shock 127
The intestinal factor in irreversible hemorrhagic shock 128
The bacterial factor in traumatic shock 130
Effect of hemorrhagic shock on the reactivity of resistance and capacitance vessels and on capillary filtration transfer in cat skeletal muscle 132
‘Hidden acidosis’ in experimental shock 134
Intestinal mucosal lesion in low-flow states. A morphological, hemodynamic, and metabolic reappraisal 136
Hyperosmotic NaCl and severe hemorrhagic shock 138
Superoxide radicals in feline intestinal ischemia 140
Adequacy of tissue oxygenation in intact dog intestine 142
A circulating myocardial depressant substance in humans with septic shock: septic shock patients with a reduced ejection fraction have a circulating factor that depresses in vitro myocardial cell performance 144
Increased intestinal permeability in endotoxic pigs: mesenteric hypoperfusion as an etiologic factor 147
Renal support 149
Crush injuries with impairment of renal function 152
Studies of the antidiuresis of quiet standing: the importance of changes in plasma volume and glomerular filtration rate 154
Aspirin-induced depression of renal function 156
Adenosine production in the ischemic kidney 158
Management of anuric intensive-care patients with arteriovenous hemofiltration 160
Selective vulnerability of the medullary thick ascending limb to anoxia in the isolated perfused rat kidney 162
Biocompatible membranes in acute renal failure: prospective case- controlled study 164
Acute renal failure: a multivariate analysis of causes and risk factors 166
The effect of acute renal failure on mortality: a cohort analysis 169
Low dose dopamine in patients with early renal dysfunction: a placebo- controlled randomised trial 171
The liver in critical illness 176
Whenever in fevers jaundice supervenes before seven days, this is bad 178
Organ interactions in the adult respiratory distress syndrome during sepsis: role of the liver in host defence 180
The “jaundiced heart”: a possible explanation for postopera-tive shock in obstructive jaundice 182
Hypoxic hepatitis in patients with cardiac failure: incidence in a coronary care unit and measurement of hepatic blood flow 184
Monoethylglycinexylidide formation kinetics: a novel approach to assessment of liver function 186
Early indicators of prognosis in fulminant hepatic failure 188
Emergency liver transplantation for fulminant hepatitis 190
Improvement by acetylcysteine of hemodynamics and oxygen transport in fulminant hepatic failure 192
Acute hepatic coma treated by cross-circulation with a baboon and by repeated exchange transfusions 195
Effect of intravenous albumin on renal impairment and mortality in patients with cirrhosis and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis 197
Burns 199
Fluid and electrolyte requirements in severe burns 201
The successful control of burn wound sepsis 203
Acute gastroduodenal disease after thermal injury: an endo-scopic evaluation of incidence and natural history 205
Dietary requirements of patients with major burns 207
Catecholamines: mediator of the hypermetabolic response to thermal injury 209
The estimation of areas of burns 211
Immunosuppression and temporary skin transplantation in the treatment of massive third degree burns 213
Successful use of a physiologically acceptable artificial skin in the treatment of extensive burn injury 215
The influence of inhalation injury and pneumonia on burn mortality 217
Primary burn excision and immediate grafting: a method of shortening illness 219
Trauma 221
Fluid therapy in hemorrhagic shock 222
Acute respiratory distress in adults 224
Splenic trauma in children 226
Management of flail chest without mechanical ventilation 228
Epidemiology of trauma deaths 230
Multiple system organ failure 232
Benefits of immediate jejunostomy feeding after major abdominal trauma – a prospective, randomized study 234
Early versus delayed stabilization of femoral fractures 236
Abbreviated laparotomy and planned reoperation for critically injured patients 238
Immediate versus delayed fluid resuscitation for hypotensive patients with penetrating torso injuries 240
Clinical sepsis 242
Shock caused by Gram-negative micro-organisms: analysis of 169 cases 244
Patterns of septic shock in man – a detailed study of 56 patients 246
Steroids in the treatment of clinical septic shock 250
Multiple organ failure 253
The systemic septic response: does the organism matter? 255
Treatment of gram-negative bacteremia and shock with human anti- serum to a mutant Escherichia coli 258
Profound but reversible myocardial depression in patients with septic shock 261
Fluid loading increases oxygen consumption in septic patients with lactic acidosis 265
Association between tumour necrosis factor in serum and fatal outcome in patients with meningococcal disease 269
Sepsis syndrome: a valid clinical entity: Methylprednisolone Severe Sepsis Study Group 272
Efficacy and safety of recombinant human activated protein C for severe sepsis 275
Nutrition and metabolism 286
Amino acid and energy metabolism in septic and traumatized patients 288
Aggressive nutritional support does not prevent protein loss despite fat gain in septic intensive care patients 290
Nitrogen requirements in severely injured patients 292
The effect of postoperative intravenous feeding (TPN) on outcome following major surgery evaluated in a randomized study 294
Clinical benefits of an immune-enhancing diet for early postinjury enteral feeding 296
Early enteral administration of a formula (Impact) supplemented with arginine, nucleotides, fish oil in intensive care unit patients: results of a multi- center prospective, randomized clinical trial 298
Six-month outcome of critically ill patients given glutamine-supplemented parenteral nutrition 300
Longitudinal changes of biochemical parameters in muscle during critical illness 302
Glutamine enriched enteral nutrition reduces infectious morbidity in multitrauma patients: a double- blind, prospective, randomized trial 304
A prospective, randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical trial of enteral immunonutrition in the critically ill 306
Fluids 308
On the absorption of fluids from the connective tissue spaces 309
Continuous drip blood transfusion 311
Effect of elevated left atrial pressure and decreased plasma protein concentration on the development of pulmonary oedema 313
The effects of haemorrhage on body composition 316
Acute changes in extracellular fluids associated with major surgical procedures 318
Donor blood and isotonic salt solution: effect on survival after haemorrhagic shock and operation 320
Ringers lactate solution and extracellular volume in the surgical patient: a critical analysis 322
Improved outcome based on fluid management in critically ill patients requiring pulmonary artery catheterization 325
Immediate versus delayed fluid resuscitation for hypotensive patients with penetrating torso injuries 327
Human albumin administration in critically ill patients: systematic review of randomised controlled trials 329
Infection in the intensive care unit 331
National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance (NNIS) system report, data summary from January 1992– June 2001, issued August 2001: a report from the NNIS system 333
The influence of inadequate antimicrobial treatment of blood-stream infections on patient outcomes in the ICU setting 336
Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic parameters: rationale for antibacterial dosing of mice and men 339
A computer-assisted management program for antibiotics and other antiinfective agents 342
Invasive and noninvasive strategies for management of suspected ventilator- associated pneumonia: a randomized trial 345
Calcitonin precursors are reliable markers of sepsis in a medical intensive care unit 348
Comparative efficacy of ceftriaxone and cefuroxime for treatment of bacterial meningitis 351
Dexamethasone therapy for bacterial meningitis: results of two double- blind, placebo- controlled trials 354
Intensive insulin therapy in the surgical intensive care unit 356
Prospective randomised trial of povidone-iodine, alcohol, and chlorhexidine for prevention of infection associated with central venous and arterial catheters 359
Infectious diseases: an intensive care clinician’s perspective 361
Rats lice and history 364
Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and mucosal candidiasis in previously healthy homosexual men: evidence of a new acquired cellular immunodeficiency 366
Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and respiratory failure in AIDS: improved outcomes and increased use of intensive care units 368
The prevalence of nosocomial infection in intensive care units in Europe: results of the European Prevalence of Infection in Intensive Care ( EPIC) Study, EPIC International Advisory Committee 370
What’s in a name: is methicillin- resistant Staphylococcus aureus just another S. aureus when treated with vancomycin? 372
Role of respiratory assistance devices in endemic nosocomial pneumonia 374
A controlled trial of scheduled replacement of central venous and pulmonary- artery catheters 376
Serratia marcescens: historical perspective and clinical review 378
A randomized trial comparing fluconazole with amphotericin B for the treatment of candidemia in patients without neutropenia: Candidemia Study Group and the National Institute 380
Viral hepatitis: a staff hazard in dialysis units 382
Effectiveness of a hospital-wide programme to improve compliance with hand hygiene: Infection Control Programme 384
Vasoactive and cardiotonic drugs 386
Sodium diuresis produced by dopamine in patients with congestive heart failure 387
Clinical cardiovascular pharmacology of dobutamine: a selective inotropic catecholamine 389
Comparative systemic and regional hemodynamic effects of dopamine and dobutamine in patients with cardiomyopathic heart failure 391
A comparison of digoxin and dobutamine in patients with acute infarction and cardiac failure 393
Dobutamine therapy in acute myocardial infarction 395
Hemodynamic and oxygen transport effects of dobutamine in critically ill general surgical patients 397
Oxygen uptake/supply dependency: effects of short-term dobutamine infusion 399
Prognostic value of the dobutamine test in patients with sepsis syndrome and normal lactate values: a prospective, multicenter study 401
Norepinephrine or dopamine for the treatment of hyperdynamic septic shock? 403
Elevation of systemic oxygen delivery in the treatment of critically ill patients 405
Dopexamine reduces the incidence of acute inflammation in the gut mucosa after abdominal surgery in high- risk patients 407
Pain relief and sedation in intensive care 409
The techniques used to sedate ventilated patients 411
Sedation in intensive care – a postal survey 413
Controlled sedation with alphaxalone-alphadolone 415
Mortality amongst multiple trauma patients admitted to an intensive therapy unit 417
Metabolic acidosis and fatal myocardial failure after propofol infusion in children: five case reports 419
Pharmacokinetics of morphine in two children before and after liver transplantation 421
The use of continuous i.v. sedation is associated with prolon-gation of mechanical ventilation 423
Epidural anesthesia and analgesia in high risk surgical patients 425
Where is the harm in not knowing: care after intensive care 427
Monitoring 429
Measurement of cardiac output by thermal dilution in man 430
Catheterisation of the heart in man with use of a flow directed balloon- tipped catheter 432
Experimental and clinical studies on lactate and pyruvate as indicators of the severity of acute circulatory failure ( shock) 434
Spectrophotometric monitoring of arterial oxygen saturation at the fingertip 436
Continuous recording of the ventricular-fluid pressure in patients with severe acute traumatic brain injury 438
Temperature of the great toe as an indication of the severity of shock 440
Estimation of cardiac output soon after intracardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass 443
The nitrous oxide method for the quantitative determination of cerebral blood flow in man: theory, procedure and normal values 445
Continuous haemodynamic monitoring by esophageal Doppler 447
Scoring systems 450
A proposal for a new method of evaluation of the newborn infant 451
Assessment of coma and impaired consciousness: a practical scale 453
Statistical methods for quantifying the severity of clinical acute pancreatitis 455
Prognosis in acute organ-system failure 457
APACHE II: a severity of disease classification system 459
Pediatric risk of mortality (PRISM) score 461
Therapeutic Intervention Scoring System: update 1983 463
Mortality Probability Models (MPM II) based on an international cohort of intensive care unit patients 467
Improving the outcomes of coronary artery bypass surgery in New York State 469
A controlled trial to improve care for seriously ill hospitalized patients: the Study to Understand Prognoses and Preferences for Outcomes and Risks of Treatments ( SUPPORT) 471
Ethics 473
Ethics and clinical research 474
Informed consent in theory and practice: legal and medical perspectives on the informed consent doctrine and a proposed reconceptualization 476
Rationing intensive care – physician responses to a resource shortage 478
Patients’ and families’ preferences for medical intensive care 480
Medical futility: its meaning and ethical implications 482
Withholding and withdrawal of life support from the critically ill 484
Determinants in Canadian health care workers of the decision to withdraw life support from the critically ill 486
A controlled trial to improve care for seriously ill hospitalized patients: the study to understand prognoses and preferences for outcomes and risks of treatments ( SUPPORT) 488
Consensus report on the ethics of foregoing life-sustaining treatments in the critically ill 491
A definition of irreversible coma 493
Cytokines 495
Demonstration and characterization of two distinct human leukocytic pyrogens 496
The functional relationship of the interleukins 498
Tumor necrosis factor (cachectin) is an endogenous pyrogen and induces production of interleukin 1 500
Anti-cachectin/TNF monoclonal antibodies prevent septic shock during lethal bacteraemia 502
Treatment of gram-negative bacteremia and septic shock with HA- 1A human monoclonal antibody against endotoxin: a randomized, double- blind, placebo- controlled trial 504
Efficacy and safety of monoclonal antibody to human tumor necrosis factor-a in patients with sepsis syndrome: a randomized, controlled, double-blind, multicenter clinical trial 506
Role of NFkB in the mortality of sepsis 509
Treatment of chronic hepatitis C with recombinant alpha- interferon: a multicenter, randomized, controlled trial: Hepatitis Interventional Therapy Group 511
Increased circulating nitrogen oxides after human tumor immunotherapy: correlation with toxic hemodynamic changes 513
Consensus conference definitions for sepsis, septic shock, acute lung injury, and acute respiratory distress syndrome: time for a re- evaluation 515
Pediatric critical care 517
Treatment of the idiopathic respiratory-distress syndrome with continuous positive airway pressure 518
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenator support for cardiopulmonary failure: experience in 28 cases 520
Artificial surfactant therapy in hyaline-membrane disease 522
Halothane in status asthmaticus 524
Lung volume maintenance prevents lung injury during high frequency oscillatory ventilation in surfactant- deficient rabbits 526
Low-dose inhalation nitric oxide in persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn 528
The whiplash shaken infant syndrome: manual shaking by the extremities with whiplash- induced intracranial and intraocu-lar bleedings, linked with residual permanent brain damage and mental retardation 530
Ductus arteriosus dilation by prostaglandin E1 in infants with pulmonary atresia 532
Reye’s syndrome and salicylate use 534
Pediatric risk of mortality (PRISM) score 536
Recent papers 539
A multicenter, randomized, controlled clinical trial of transfusion requirements in critical care 540
Early goal-directed therapy in the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock 542
Treatment of comatose survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest with induced hypothermia 545
A randomised controlled trial of the use of pulmonary artery catheters in high– risk surgical patients 547
Most critically ill patients are perceived to die in comfort during withdrawal of life support: a Canadian multicentre study 550
A comparison of albumin and saline for fluid resuscitation in the intensive care unit 552
Introduction of the medical emergency team (MET) system: a cluster- randomized controlled trial 554
Intensive insulin therapy in the medical ICU 557
Frequently cited papers in critical care 560
The 25 most frequently mentioned authors in articles on Critical Care and related subjects. The time periods 1970– 2008 as total, 2002– 2008 and 1998– 2002 have been shown. 588
Index 591