Clinical MR Imaging (eBook)

Foreword I 5
Foreword II 6
Preface 8
Contents 10
Contributors 12
Principles of Magnetic Resonance 19
Wolfgang R. Nitz, Thomas Balzer, Daniel S. Grosu, and Thomas Allkemper 19
Contents 19
1.2 The Essentials 34
1.3 The Advanced 83
Further Reading 122
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Brain 124
Paul M. Parizel, Luc van den Hauwe, Frank De Belder, J. Van Goethem, Caroline Venstermans, Rodrigo Salgado, Maurits Voormolen, and Wim Van Hecke 124
Contents 124
2.1 Coils and Positioning 125
2.2 Congenital Disorders and Hereditary Diseases 131
2.3 Mass Lesions 2.3.1 Introduction 2.3.2 Tumor or Not? 137
2.4 Supratentorial Brain Tumors 143
2.5 Infratentorial Tumors 155
2.6 Sella Turcica and Hypophysis 163
2.7 Cerebrovascular Disease 168
2.8 White Matter Lesions 186
2.9 Intracranial Infection 196
2.10 Normal and Abnormal Aging of the Brain 204
2.11 Craniocerebral Trauma 206
Further Reading 211
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Spine 213
Contents 213
3.1 Patient Positioning and Coils 213
3.2 Sequence Protocol 215
3.3 Clinical Examples 228
Further Reading 239
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Head and Neck 240
Bert De Foer, Bernard Pilet, Jan W. Casselman, and Luc van den Hauwe 240
Contents 240
4.1 General Imaging Principles 240
4.1.1 Temporal Bone 241
4.1.2 Eye and Orbit 246
4.1.3 Paranasal Sinuses 250
4.1.4 Skull Base 251
4.1.5 Nasopharynx and Surrounding Deep Spaces and Parotid Glands 254
4.1.6 Oropharynx and Oral Cavity 257
4.1.7 Larynx and Hypo-Pharynx 263
4.1.8 Temporomandibular Joint 269
Further Reading 279
Musculoskeletal System 280
Filip M. Vanhoenacker, Pieter Van Dyck, Jan Gielen, Arthur M. De Schepper, and Paul M. Parizel 280
Contents 280
5.1 Introduction 281
5.2 Knee Joint 282
5.3 Ankle and Foot Joints 307
5.4 Shoulder Joint 321
5.5 Hip Joint 335
5.6 Wrist Joint 343
5.7 Elbow Joint 344
5.8 Other Joints 348
5.9 Bone Marrow 350
5.10 Tendon and Muscles 355
5.11 Bone Tumors 360
5.12 Soft-Tissue Tumors 364
Further Reading 370
Abdomen: Liver, Spleen, Biliary System, Pancreas, and GI Tract 372
Peter Reimer, Wolfgang Schima, Thomas Lauenstein, and Sanjay Saini 372
Contents 372
6.1 General Introduction Peter Reimer and Wolfgang Schima 373
6.2 Liver Peter Reimer and Sanjay Saini 375
6.3 Liver Pathology Diffuse Liver Disease 376
6.4 Liver Pathology–Focal Liver Disease 382
6.5 Spleen Peter Reimer and Sanjay Saini 397
6.6 Biliary System Wolfgang Schima 403
6.7 Pancreas Wolfgang Schima 407
6.8 GI Tract and Bowel Thomas Lauenstein 417
Further Reading 431
Abdomen: Retroperitoneum, Adrenals, Kidneys, and Upper Urinary Tract 433
Gertraud Heinz-Peer 433
Contents 433
7.1 Retroperitoneum 433
7.2 Adrenal Glands 451
7.3 Kidneys and Upper Urinary Tract 461
7.4 MR-Urography 468
Further Reading 472
MRI of the Pelvis 474
Dow-Mu Koh and David MacVicar 474
Contents 474
8.1 Introduction 474
8.2 Techniques and Instrumentation 475
8.3 Imaging Sequences 476
8.4 Pelvic Diseases Common to Males and Females 479
8.5 Pelvic Diseases in Males 491
8.6 Male External Genitalia 495
8.7 Diseases of the Female Pelvis 497
8.8 Future Developments 504
Further Reading 505
MRI of the Chest 506
Hans-Ulrich Kauczor and Edwin J. R Van Beek 506
Contents 506
9.1 Technical Demands 506
9.2 Pulse Sequences and Contrast Mechanisms 509
9.3 Lung and Pleura 513
9.4 Mediastinum 520
9.5 Pulmonary Arteries 525
9.6 Future Prospects 528
9.7 Key Issues 528
Further Reading 529
Heart 530
James F. M. Meaney and John Sheehan 530
Contents 530
10.1 Introduction 530
10.2 Sequence Protocols 532
10.3 Clinical Applications of Cardiac MR Imaging 535
Further Reading 560
MR Angiography 561
James F. M. Meaney, John Sheehan, and Mathias Boos 561
Contents 561
11.1 Introduction 561
11.2 MRA Techniques 562
11.3 Contrast-Enhanced MRA 567
11.4 Summary of Basic Advantages and Disadvantages Associated with Different MRA Techniques 582
11.5 Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis: Observations and Strategy for Avoiding or Eliminating this Serious Disorder 583
11.6 MR Venography (MRV) 585
11.7 Sequence Protocols and Clinical Application 586
Further Reading 596
MRI of the Breast 598
Uwe Fischer 598
Contents 598
12.1 Tumorangiogenesis 598
12.2 Technique and Methods 598
12.3 Evaluation 601
12.4 BI-RADS for MRI of the Breast 602
12.5 Normal Findings 602
12.6 Benign Findings 602
12.7 Borderline Lesions 603
12.8 Malignant Findings 603
12.9 Indications 605
12.10 MR-Guided Interventions 606
12.11 MRI Summary and Perspectives 606
Further Reading 621
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Pediatric Patients 622
Birgit Kammer, Hermann Helmberger, Claudia M. Keser, Eva Coppenrath, and Karl Schneider 622
Contents 622
13.1 General Considerations and Remarks for MRI of Pediatric Patients 622
13.2 Pediatric Brain Imaging 624
13.3 Pediatric Spine Imaging 677
13.4 Pediatric Abdominal Imaging 693
13.5 Pediatric Musculoskeletal System and Bone Marrow Imaging 731
Further Reading 773
Whole-Body MRI 774
Gerwin Schmidt, Dietmar Dinter, Stefan Schoenberg, and Maximilian Reiser 774
Contents 774
14.1 Introduction 774
14.2 Protocol Design, Technical Concepts and Advances in WB-MRI 775
14.3 WB-MRI Applications for the Oncologic Patient 780
14.4 Whole-Body Bone Marrow Imaging 787
14.5 WB-MRI Applications for Benign Disease 792
Further Reading 799