Pediatric Oncology (eBook)

Foreword 5
Preface 6
Contents 7
Contributing Authors 11
Abbreviations 12
Introduction 14
Incidence and Management of Childhood Cancer 15
General Aspects of Childhood Leukemia 17
Definition and General Characteristics 18
Incidence 18
Etiology and Predisposing Factors 18
Pathogenesis 20
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia 22
Incidence 23
Clinical Manifestation 23
Laboratory Findings and Classification 26
Leukemic Cell Characterization and Classification 27
Prognostic Factors 34
Differential Diagnosis 35
Therapy 35
Management of Complications and Side Effects 37
Relapse 37
Special Forms 38
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia 39
Epidemiology 40
Predisposing Factors 40
Differential Diagnosis 40
Classification 40
Clinical Presentation 44
Therapy 45
Characteristics of and Therapy for AML Subtypes 47
Relapse of AML 49
Myelodysplastic Syndrome 50
Introduction 51
Definition 51
Classification 52
Epidemiology 55
Predisposing Factors 56
Etiology 57
Clinical Manifestations 57
Laboratory Findings 57
Differential Diagnosis 58
Treatment 58
References 58
Myeloproliferative Syndromes ( Chronic Myeloproliferative Disorders) 59
Juvenile Myelomonocytic Leukemia 60
Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (Adult Type) 62
Polycythemia Vera 63
Essential Thrombocythemia 64
Idiopathic Myelofibrosis 64
Hypereosinophilic Syndrome 65
Transient Myeloproliferative Syndrome Associated with Down Syndrome 65
Mast Cell Disease (Mastocytosis) 66
References 67
Non- Hodgkin Lymphoma ( NHL) 68
Definition 69
Incidence 69
Etiology, Pathogenesis and Molecular Genetics 69
Pathology and Classification 70
Histological, Immunological and Cytogenetic Characteristics of the Different Forms of NHL 70
Clinical Manifestations 72
Differential Diagnosis among the Different Forms of NHL 73
Diagnosis 73
Staging (Murphy/St. Jude) 74
Therapy 75
Therapy and Prognosis of Lymphoblastic Lymphoma LL 76
Patients with Partial Response or with Relapse of NHL 76
Hodgkin Disease 77
Definition 78
Incidence 78
Etiology and Pathogenesis 78
Pathology 78
Staging Classification 80
Clinical Presentation 81
Laboratory Analyses 82
Radiological Evaluation 83
Differential Diagnosis 83
Treatment 83
Relapse 84
Side Effects and Sequelae 85
Prognosis 86
Follow-up Observation 86
Histiocytoses 87
Definition and Overview 88
Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis LCH 88
Infection-associated hemophagocytic syndrome IAHS 96
Familial Erythrophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis FEL 96
Malignant Histiocytosis 98
Brain Tumors 100
Overview 101
Incidence 101
Tumor Types and Frequencies 101
Etiology and Pathogenesis 102
Pathology and Classification 102
Clinical Manifestations 104
Radiological Diagnosis 110
Additional Diagnosis 111
Differential Diagnosis 111
Metastatic Spread 111
Therapy 112
Special Tumor Types 113
Sequelae in Brain Tumors 122
Neuroblastoma 123
Definition 124
Incidence 124
Etiology and Pathogenesis 124
Molecular Cytogenetics 125
Pathology 125
Clinical Manifestations 126
Metastatic Spread 128
Laboratory Findings 128
Diagnostic Imaging 128
Differential Diagnosis 129
Staging 129
Therapy 129
Prognosis 131
Special Forms 131
Nephroblastoma ( Wilms Tumor) 133
Definition 134
Incidence 134
Chromosomal Association 134
Pathology 135
Clinical Manifestations 135
Laboratory Diagnosis 136
Radiological Diagnosis 136
Differential Diagnosis 136
Staging 137
Therapy 137
Therapy in Relapse 138
Prognosis 138
Subtypes 139
Soft Tissue Sarcoma 141
Overview 143
Rhabdomyosarcoma 144
Fibrosarcoma 154
Synovial Sarcoma 156
Liposarcoma 157
Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor 158
Leiomyosarcoma 159
Hemangiopericytoma 160
Malignant Fibrohistiocytoma MFH 161
Osteosarcoma 162
Definition 163
Epidemiology 163
Location 163
Etiology and Tumor Genetics 163
Pathology 164
Clinical Manifestations 165
Metastasis 165
Evaluation 165
Radiology 166
Differential diagnosis 166
Treatment 166
Prognosis 167
Complications 167
Ewing Sarcoma Family of Tumors 168
Definition 169
Epidemiology 169
Localization 169
Pathogenesis 169
Genetics 170
Pathology 170
Clinical Manifestations 171
Metastases 171
Evaluation 171
Differential Diagnosis 172
Treatment 172
Prognosis 172
Complications 173
Retinoblastoma 174
Definition 175
Incidence 175
Etiology, Genetics and Pathogenesis 175
Pathology 176
Clinical Manifestations 177
Differential Diagnosis 177
Therapy 177
Management of the Different Manifestations of Retinoblastoma 178
Prognosis 179
Germ Cell Tumors 180
Definition 181
Incidence 181
Pathogenesis 181
Genetics 182
Histological Classification 182
Diagnostics 183
Therapy: Overview 183
Testicular Germ Cell Tumors 184
Ovarian Tumors 186
Extragonadal Germ Cell Tumors 187
Hepatic Tumors 189
Forms 190
Incidence (Except Benign Hepatic Tumors) 190
Pathology and Genetics 191
Clinical Manifestations 191
Laboratory Diagnosis 191
Radiological Diagnosis 192
Differential Diagnosis of Hepatoblastoma and Hepatocellular Carci-noma 192
Staging 192
Therapy 192
Prognosis 193
Emergencies in Pediatric Oncology 194
Tumor Lysis and Hyperleukocytosis 196
Hyperkalemia 196
Hypercalcemia 197
Airway Compression 198
Spinal Cord Compression 199
Superior Vena Cava Syndrome and Superior Mediastinal Syndrome 200
Pleural and Pericardial Effusion 200
Cardiac Tamponade 201
Hemolysis 201
Abdominal Emergencies: Abdominal Tumor 202
Hemorrhagic Cystitis, Oliguria, Anuria 202
Acute Alteration of Consciousness 203
Seizures 204
Oncological Nursing Care 205
The Role of the Nurse in Pediatric Oncology 206
Side Effects of Treatment 208
Central Catheter Care 222
Chemotherapy 223
Giving Information to the Child and Parents 226
Care at Home 226
Long-term Care 226
Psychology and Psychosocial Issues in Children with Cancer 228
Significance for Contemporary Pediatric Oncology 229
Structure 230
The Practice of Pediatric Psycho- oncology 231
Problems and Possible Interventions 234
Treatment Team 241
Research 241
Further Reading 242
Subject Index 243