Clinical MR Imaging (eBook)

Foreword 5
Preface 6
Contents 7
List of Contributors 9
Abbreviations 13
Principles of Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Magnetic Resonance Angiography 15
1.1 Basic Principles of Magnetic Resonance Imaging 16
1.2 Magnetic Resonance Angiography, Techniques and Principles 50
1.3 Techniques in Cardiac Imaging 55
1.4 Artifacts in Magnetic Resonance Imaging 59
1.5 MR Safety 66
Further Reading 66
Contrast Agents for Magnetic Resonance Imaging 67
2.1 Introduction 67
2.2 Mechanism of Action 67
2.3 Extracellular Contrast Agents 69
2.4 Tissue- Specific Contrast Agents 72
2.5 Blood- Pool Agents 76
2.6 Gastrointestinal Contrast Agents 77
Further Reading 77
Haemorrhage 78
3.1 Introduction 78
3.2 Oxidation and Denaturation of Haemoglobin 78
3.3 Magnetic Properties in Haemorrhage 79
3.4 Relaxation Mechanisms 79
3.5 Evolving Parenchymal Haemorrhage 80
3.6 Sub- and Epidural Haemorrhage 85
3.7 Subarachnoid and Intraventricular Haemorrhage 85
3.8 Intratumoral Haemorrhage 85
3.9 Technical Considerations 85
Further Reading 89
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Brain 90
4.1 Coils and Positioning 91
4.2 Congenital Disorders and Hereditary Diseases 95
4.3 Mass Lesions 102
4.4 Supratentorial Brain Tumors 109
4.5 Infratentorial Tumors 114
4.6 Sella Turcica and Hypophysis 122
4.7 Cerebrovascular Disease 127
4.8 White Matter Lesions 140
4.9 Intracranial Infection 149
4.10 The Aging Brain 153
4.11 Craniocerebral Trauma 154
4.12 Seizures 155
Further Reading 159
Addendum. Classification of central nervous system tumors ( WHO Classification) 159
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Spine 160
5.1 Patient Positioning and Coils 160
5.2 Sequence Protocol 162
5.3 Clinical Examples 174
Reference 185
Further Reading 185
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Head and Neck 186
6.1 Temporal Bone 187
6.2 Eye and Orbit 193
6.3 Paranasal Sinuses 198
6.4 Skull Base 206
6.5 Nasopharynx and Surrounding Deep Spaces and Parotid Glands 209
6.6 Oropharynx and Oral Cavity 213
6.7 Larynx and Hypopharynx 216
6.8 Temporomandibular Joint 217
Further Reading 221
Joints 223
7.1 Special Coils/ Planes/ Positioning 224
7.2 Sequence Protocols and Contrast Medium Application 224
7.3 Artifacts 227
7.4 Shoulder Joint 227
7.5 Elbow Joint 230
7.6 Wrist Joint 233
7.7 Sacroiliac Joints 234
7.8 Hip Joint 236
7.9 Knee Joint 238
7.10 Ankle and Foot Joints 244
Further Reading 248
Bone and Soft Tissues 249
8.1 Introduction and General Remarks 249
8.2 MR of Bone Marrow 252
8.3 Diseases of the Musculotendinous Unit 257
8.4 MR of Primary Bone Tumors 266
8.5 MR of Soft- Tissue Tumors 272
Further Reading 280
Upper Abdomen: Liver, Pancreas, Biliary System, and Spleen 282
9.1 General Clinical Indications 283
9.2 Coils 283
9.3 Pulse Sequences 283
9.4 Liver 285
9.5 Liver Pathology – Diffuse Liver Disease 288
9.6 Liver Pathology – Focal Liver Disease 296
9.7 Biliary System 312
9.8 Pancreas 315
9.9 Spleen 325
Further Reading 329
Kidneys and Adrenal Glands 330
10.1 MR Imaging of the Kidneys 330
10.2 MR Imaging of the Adrenal Glands 337
Further Reading 345
Pelvis 346
11.1 Patient Preparation, Positioning, and Coil Selection 346
11.2 Sequence Protocols 348
11.3 Clinical Applications of Pelvic MR Imaging 354
11.4 Pediatric Pelvic MR Imaging 374
Further Reading 374
Heart 376
12.1 Patient Preparation, Positioning, and Coil Selection 377
12.2 Sequence Protocols 380
12.3 Clinical Applications of Cardiac MR Imaging 383
Further Reading 407
Large Vessels and Peripheral Vessels 408
13.1 Introduction 408
13.2 MRA Techniques 409
13.3 Summary of Basic Advantages and Disadvantages Associated with Different MRA Techniques 420
13.4 Sequence Protocols and Clinical Application 421
13.5 Future Prospects 449
Further Reading 456
MRI of the Chest 457
14.1 Technical Demands 458
14.2 Pulse Sequences and Contrast Mechanisms 460
14.3 Lung and Pleura 462
14.4 Mediastinum 468
14.5 Pulmonary Arteries 474
14.6 Future Prospects 477
Further Reading 477
Magnetic Resonance of the Breast 478
15.1 Before Getting Started 478
15.2 Hardware Requirements 479
15.3 Patient Positioning 479
15.4 Imaging: Pulse Sequence Parameters and Documentation 480
15.5 Kinetic Analysis 482
15.6 Reading the Breast Magnetic Resonance Study 483
Further Reading 496
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Pediatric Patients 497
16.1 General Considerations and Remarks for MR Imaging of Pediatric Patients 498
16.2 Pediatric Brain Imaging 499
16.3 Pediatric Spine Imaging 534
16.4 Pediatric Abdominal Imaging 545
16.5 Pediatric Musculoskeletal System and Bone Marrow Imaging 560
Further Reading 577
Interventional Magnetic Resonance 578
17.1 General Considerations 578
17.2 Diagnostic Interventions 581
17.3 Therapeutic Interventions 583
17.4 Further Perspectives 586
References 587
Subject Index 588