Nursing Care of the Pediatric Neurosurgery Patient (eBook)

Foreword 6
Preface 7
Contents 8
Contributors 14
Neurological Assessment of the Neonate, Infant, Child, and Adolescent 16
Introduction 16
Developmental Assessment: Growth and Developmental Tasks by Age 17
Developmental Assessment Tools 28
Hands- On Neurological Assessment 28
Conclusion 39
Hydrocephalus 44
Introduction 44
History of Hydrocephalus 44
Incidence of Hydrocephalus 45
Prognosis 45
Classifications of Types of Hydrocephalus 45
Pathophysiology of Hydrocephalus 47
Signs and Symptoms of Hydrocephalus 54
Diagnosis of Hydrocephalus by Imaging Studies 56
Treatment of Hydrocephalus 58
Complications of Shunts and Treatment 65
Pseudotumor Cerebri in the Pediatric Population 71
Nursing Care of the Hydrocephalus Patient after Surgery 72
Living with Hydrocephalus 77
Conclusion 80
Craniosynostosis 82
Introduction 82
Nonsyndromic Craniosynostosis 83
Syndromic Craniosynostosis 91
Treatment for Craniosynostosis 96
Conclusion 102
Neural Tube Defects 106
Introduction 106
Etiology 106
Epidemiology 107
Pathophysiology 107
Myelomeningocele ( Open Defect) 108
Spina Bifida Occulta ( Closed Defect) 116
Nursing Considerations 120
Diagnostic Studiesfor Neural Tube Defects 121
Conclusion 121
Chiari Malformation and Syringomyelia 124
Introduction 124
Presentation 126
Diagnostic Tests 128
Treatment Options for CIM 129
Treatment Options for CIIM 130
Treatment Options for Syringomyelia 130
Patient and Family Education 131
Conclusions 132
Tumors of the Central Nervous System 134
Introduction 134
Etiology 134
Nervous System Anatomy 135
Diagnosis 136
Treatment 140
Types of Tumors 145
Nursing Care: Overview 154
Late Effects of CNS Tumors and Treatment 158
Conclusion 160
Traumatic Brain Injury 164
Epidemiology 164
Pediatric Anatomy and Physiology in Head Trauma 164
Initial Evaluation and Resuscitation 165
Neurologic Assessment and Deterioration in Pediatric Head Trauma 166
Cranial Nerve Evaluation 168
Radiographic Imaging in Pediatric Head Trauma 173
Types of TBI 173
Concepts of Cerebral Physiology 189
Pathophysiology of Intracranial Hypertension 190
Collaborative Management of Intracranial Hypertension 193
Endocrine Complications 198
Postoperative Nursing Care and Complications 199
Outcomes 202
Prevention Efforts 202
Spine 206
The Pediatric Spinal Column 206
Traumatic Spinal Cord Injuries 207
Nursing Care 215
Summary 217
Congenital Spinal Cord Disorders 217
Outcomes 221
Summary 223
Neurovascular Disease 226
Introduction 226
Cerebral Blood Supply 226
Vein of Galen Aneurysmal Malformations 229
Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformation in Children 232
Cerebral Arteriovenous Fistulas (AVFs) in Children 236
Intracranial Aneurysms 238
Venous Angiomas ( Developmental Venous Anomaly) 242
Capillary Angiomas and Telangiectasia 243
Cavernous Malformations 243
Moyamoya Syndrome 246
Nursing Care for Vascular Brain Lesions 248
Spinal Arteriovenous Malformations 250
Cavernous Malformations and Arteriovenous Fistulas of the Spine 252
Conclusions 254
Appendix 9.1 254
Surgical Management of Epilepsy 258
Introduction 258
Preoperative Preparation 259
Seizure Surgery 262
Vagal Nerve Stimulator 265
Conclusion 266
Surgical Management of Spasticity 268
Pathophysiology of Spasticity 268
Baclofen 269
Rhizotomy 275
Infections of the Central Nervous System 278
Brain Abscess, Epidural Abscess, Subdural Empyema 278
Neurocysticercosis 282
Shunt Infections 284
Postoperative Infections 286
Subject Index 290