Imaging of the Sternocostoclavicular Region (eBook)

Preface 5
Contents 6
List of Contributors 11
Abbreviations 13
DEVELOPMENT OF THE STERNOCOSTOCLAVICULAR REGION 14
1 Bones, Cartilages and Joints 15
1.1 Introduction 15
1.2 Sternum, Including Manubriosternal Joint 15
1.3 Clavicle 20
1.4 Joints and Costal Cartilages 20
1.5 Conclusions 21
References 21
NORMAL ANATOMY AND VARIANTS 23
2 Bones and Cartilages 24
2.1 Introduction 24
2.2 Sternum, Including Manubriosternal Joint 25
2.3 Clavicle 32
2.4 Cartilages and Their Articulation 34
2.5 Age Determination 36
2.6 Conclusions 37
References 37
3 Sternoclavicular Joints 40
3.1 Introduction 40
3.2 Macroscopic Anatomy 40
3.3 Microscopic Anatomy 42
3.4 Appearance at Imaging 44
3.5 Conclusions 46
References 46
BIOMECHANICS OF THE STERNOCOSTOCLAVICULAR REGION 48
4 Biomechanics of Joints and Cartilages 49
4.1 Introduction 49
4.2 Sternoclavicular Joints 49
4.3 Manubriosternal Joint 50
4.4 Sternocostal Joints 51
4.5 Conclusions 52
References 52
IMAGING TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES 53
5 Conventional Radiography and Tomography 54
5.1 Conventional Radiography 54
5.2 Conventional Tomography 56
5.3 Conclusions 56
References 56
6 Computed Tomography 58
6.1 Introduction 58
6.2 Technical Aspects 59
6.3 Normal Computed Tomography Appearance of the Sternocostoclavicular Region 60
6.4 Indications for Computed Tomography 63
6.5 Conclusions 64
References 64
7 Magnetic Resonance Imaging 67
7.1 Introduction 67
7.2 Technical Aspects 68
7.3 Normal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Appearance of the Sternocostoclavicular Region 69
7.4 Indications for Magnetic Resonance Imaging 70
7.5 Conclusions 74
References 74
8 Ultrasonography 76
8.1 Introduction 76
8.2 Technical Aspects 76
8.3 Normal Ultrasonography Appearance of the Sternocostoclavicular Region 78
8.4 Indications for Ultrasonography 78
8.5 Conclusions 81
References 81
9 Radionuclide Imaging 83
9.1 Introduction 83
9.2 Technical Aspects 84
9.3 Normal Appearance of the Sternocostoclavicular Region 84
9.4 Indications for Radionuclide Imaging 85
9.5 Conclusions 87
References 87
CLINICAL PROBLEMS 89
10 Congenital and Developmental Abnormalities 90
10.1 Introduction 90
10.2 Pectus Deformities 90
10.3 Sternal Fusion Anomalies 93
10.4 Other Sternal Abnormalities 95
10.5 Clavicular Abnormalities 95
10.6 Conclusions 97
References 97
11 Traumatic and Post- traumatic Disorders 99
11.1 Introduction 99
11.2 Soft Tissue Injuries 100
11.3 Anterior Costal Fractures 101
11.4 Costal Cartilage Injuries 102
11.5 Sternal Fractures 105
11.6 Sternoclavicular Dislocations 107
11.7 Manubriosternal Dislocations 111
References 111
12 Seronegative Arthritis and Sternocostoclavicular Syndromes 116
12.1 Introduction 116
12.2 Ankylosing Spondylitis 118
12.3 Osteoarthropathy Associated with Pustulosis Palmoplantaris 122
12.4 Psoriatic Arthritis 130
12.5 Reactive Arthritis 133
12.6 Enteropathic Arthropathy 135
12.7 SAPHO, Sternocostoclavicular Hyperostosis and Other “ Syndromes” 137
12.8 Conclusions 139
References 139
13 Predominant Osseous Inflammatory Lesions 145
13.1 Introduction 145
13.2 Chronic Recurrent Multifocal Osteomyelitis 146
13.3 Adult Osteoarthropathy 155
13.4 Terminology 160
13.5 Conclusions 161
References 162
14 Other Rheumatic Inflammatory Disorders 166
14.1 Introduction 166
14.2 Rheumatoid Arthritis 166
14.3 Gout 168
14.4 Pseudogout – Chondrocalcinosis 169
14.5 Monarthritis 169
14.6 Other Disorders 172
14.7 Conclusion 173
References 173
15 Degenerative Joint Disorders, Including Condensing Osteitis 177
15.1 Introduction 177
15.2 Osteoarthritis of the Sternoclavicular Joint 177
15.3 Condensing Osteitis 181
15.4 Conclusions 190
References 190
16 Infectious Disorders 192
16.1 Introduction 192
16.2 Pyogenic Infections 193
16.3 Tuberculosis 196
16.4 Differential Diagnoses 202
16.5 Conclusion 202
References 203
17 Primary Bone Tumours 205
17.1 Introduction 205
17.2 Primary Malignant Bone Tumours 206
17.3 Primary Benign Tumours 212
17.4 Tumour-like Lesions 216
17.5 Management of Primary Bone Tumours of the Sternocostoclavicular Region 218
17.6 Conclusion 223
References 224
18 Other Malignant Disorders 227
18.1 Introduction 227
18.2 Malignant Soft Tissue Tumours and Allied Disorders 228
18.3 Myeloproliferative and Allied Disorders 236
18.4 Conclusion 240
References 240
19 Miscellaneous Disorders 242
19.1 Introduction 242
19.2 Metabolic Disorders 242
19.3 Amyloidosis 243
19.4 Synovial Osteochondromatosis 243
19.5 Postoperative Disorders 244
19.6 Spontaneous Atraumatic Subluxation 244
19.7 Other Disorders 244
19.8 Conclusions 247
References 247
Subject Index 248