Infectious Disease in the Aging (eBook)

Preface to the Second Edition 7
Acknowledgements 8
Contents 9
Contributors 12
Part I Concepts and Principles of Infections and Aging 16
Epidemiology of Aging and Infectious Diseases 17
Infectious Diseases and History of Mankind 17
Demographics of Aging 18
Epidemiology of Mortality, Infections, and Aging 19
Infection and Functional Assessment 21
References 21
Suggested Reading 23
Factors Predisposing to Infection 24
Infection Risk 25
References 30
Suggested Reading 31
Clinical Features of Infection 32
Overview 32
Clinical Manifestation of Illness 33
Fever in the Elderly 35
Baseline Temperature, Significance of Fever, and FUO 37
References 38
Suggested Reading 40
Role and Importance of Functional Assessment in Infections 42
The Importance of Functional Status in Older Patients 43
Pathophysiology of Functional Decline with Infections 44
Nonspecific Presentation of Infection 45
Functional Assessment 47
References 53
Suggested Reading 54
Principles of Antimicrobial Therapy 55
Introduction 55
Approach to Antimicrobial Therapy 56
Antimicrobial Resistance 58
Antimicrobial Pharmacology 58
Antimicrobial Agents 63
Summary 68
References 69
Suggested Reading 71
Part II Common Infections 72
Sepsis 73
Epidemiology and Clinical Relevance 73
Clinical Manifestations 77
Diagnostic Tests 80
Treatment 81
Prevention 87
References 87
Suggested Reading 90
Bronchitis and Pneumonia 91
Bronchitis 91
Pneumonia 94
References 103
Suggested Reading 105
Tuberculosis in Older Adults 106
Epidemiology and Clinical Relevance 106
Risk Factors and Clinical Manifestations of TB 109
Diagnostic Tests 112
Treatment 115
Prevention 117
Summary 118
References 118
Suggested Reading 119
Infective Endocarditis 120
Epidemiology and Clinical Relevance 120
Etiologic Pathogens 122
Clinical Manifestations 123
Diagnostic Tests 124
Antibiotic Treatment 125
Role of Surgery 128
Prosthetic Valve Endocarditis 129
Prevention 130
References 131
Suggested Reading 133
Intra-abdominal Infections 134
Appendicitis 135
Diverticulitis and Diverticulosis 137
Cholecystitis and Biliary Disease 139
Bowel Obstruction 141
Perforated Peptic Ulcer 145
Acute Mesenteric Infarction 146
References 148
Suggested Reading 150
Infectious Diarrhea 151
Introduction 151
Epidemiology and Clinical Relevance 152
Clinical Manifestations, Diagnostic Evaluation and Tests, and Treatment 155
General Treatment Considerations 157
Common Diarrheal Syndromes 158
Common Community-Acquired and Nosocomial Bacterial Causes of Infectious Diarrhea 160
Chronic Diarrhea Due to Parasitic Infections 167
References 169
Suggested Reading 171
Urinary Tract Infection 172
Epidemiology and Clinical Relevance 172
Clinical Manifestations 177
Diagnostic Tests 179
Treatment 181
Prevention 185
References 186
Suggested Reading 187
Bacterial Meningitis and Brain Abscess 188
Epidemiology and Clinical Relevance 189
Clinical Manifestations 191
Diagnostic Tests 193
Treatment 195
Prevention 199
Brain Abscess 199
Clinical Manifestations 202
Diagnostic Tests 202
References 204
Suggested Reading 206
Osteomyelitis and Septic Arthritis 207
Osteomyelitis 207
Septic Arthritis 215
References 222
Suggested Reading 223
Skin and Soft Tissues Infections 224
Skin Structure and Function 224
Infected Pressure Ulcers 226
Erysipelas 228
Cellulitis 229
Necrotizing Fasciitis 230
References 232
Suggested Reading 232
Herpes Zoster 233
Epidemiology and Clinical Relevance 233
Clinical Manifestations 235
Diagnostic Tests 237
Treatment 238
Prevention 241
References 244
Suggested Reading 245
Orofacial and Odontogenic Infections in the Elderly 246
Epidemiology and Clinical Relevance 247
Orofacial Infections 249
Metastatic Odontogenic Infection 265
References 270
Suggested Reading 272
Ocular Infections 273
Introduction 273
Adnexal and Ocular Surface Infections 274
Herpetic Eye Disease 278
Ocular Toxoplasmosis 286
Summary 290
References 291
Suggested Reading 292
Otitis Externa, Otitis Media, and Sinusitis 293
Otitis Media 297
Sinusitis 301
References 306
Suggested Reading 308
Prosthetic Joint Infections in Elderly Patients 309
Epidemiology and Clinical Relevance 309
Clinical Manifestations 310
Diagnostic Tests 311
Treatment 315
Summary 322
References 322
Staphylococcal and Enterococcal Infections 328
Staphyloccoci 329
Enterococci 341
Conclusions 344
References 344
Suggested Reading 346
Fungal Infections 347
Introduction 348
Opportunistic Fungal Infections 348
Endemic Mycoses 356
References 364
Suggested Reading 366
Viral Infections 367
Respiratory Viruses 367
Hepatitis Viruses 376
Gastroenteritis Viruses 379
Herpes Virus Infections 380
References 381
Suggested Reading 384
Part III Unique Infectious Disease Problems 385
Infections in the Long-Term Care Setting 386
Significance of Infection in the Long-term Care Setting 386
Clinical Manifestations 388
Diagnosis 388
General Principles of Antimicrobial Treatment and Prophylaxis in the LTCF Resident 390
Clinical Infectious Syndromes 393
References 404
Suggested Reading 407
Infection Control Programs in Nursing Homes 408
Background 408
Infection Control and Care Transitions 409
Infection Control in Nursing Homes: Challenges 409
Infection Control and Prevention: Functions and Elements 411
Infection Control in Home Care Settings 419
Resources for Infection Control Practitioners 419
References 420
Suggested Reading 421
Infections in Diabetics 422
Background and Epidemiology 422
Aging, DM, and Immunity 423
Unique Aspects of Infection in Elderly Diabetics 425
References 431
Suggested Reading 433
Vaccinations 434
Introduction: Aging, the Immune Response, and Vaccination 434
Improving Vaccination Utilization 435
Tetanus–Diphtheria Toxoid Vaccine 436
Influenza Vaccines 438
Pneumococcal Vaccines 440
Vaccinations of Health Care Workers 449
Summary 450
References 450
Suggested Reading 452
Nutrition and Infection 453
Epidemiology and Clinical Relevance 454
Clinical Manifestations 457
Nutritional Therapy for Prevention of Infection 458
Nutritional Therapy During Established Infection 461
Nutritional Therapy During Convalescence After Infection 462
Conclusions and Recommendations 462
References 463
Suggested Reading 464
Sexually Transmitted Diseases 465
Introduction 465
Syphilis 468
Herpes Simplex Virus, Type II (HSV-2) 470
Chlamydia 472
Gonorrhea 473
Vaginitis 474
References 475
Suggested Reading 476
Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome 477
Epidemiology and Clinical Relevance 477
Clinical Manifestations 482
Diagnostic Tests 484
Prevention 490
Conclusion 491
References 492
Suggested Reading 494
SARS and West Nile Virus 495
Introduction 495
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome 496
West Nile Virus 500
References 503
Suggested Reading 504
Index 505