The Biology of Echinostomes (eBook)

Preface 6
Contents 8
Contributors 10
Chapter 1 Echinostomes: Systematics and Life Cycles 13
1.1 Echinostomes: Systematics and Life Cycles 14
References 38
Chapter 2 Echinostomes and Snails: Exploring Complex Interactions 47
2.1 Echinostomes and Snails: Exploring Complex Interactions 47
2.2 Concluding Remarks 63
References 65
Chapter 3 Echinostomes in the Second Intermediate Host 72
3.1 Introduction 73
3.2 Echinostome Metacercariae 73
3.3 Encystment of Echinostome Metacercariae 73
3.4 Metacercarial Site Selection in Second Intermediate Hosts 74
3.5 Development of Echinostome Metacercariae in the Second Intermediate Host 76
3.6 Excystation of Echinostome Metacercariae 78
3.7 Invertebrate and Vertebrate Second Intermediate Hosts of Echinostomes 78
3.8 Behavioral and Morphological Changes in Invertebrate and Vertebrate Hosts Infected with Echinostome Metacercariae 84
3.9 Pathology of Metacercariae in Invertebrate and Vertebrate Hosts 86
3.10 Effects of Pesticides, Herbicides on Echinostome Metacercariae 88
3.11 Effects of Marinades of Echinostome Metacercariae 89
3.12 Concluding Remarks 90
References 91
Chapter 4 Echinostomes in the Definitive Host: A Model for the Study of Host–Parasite Relationships 99
4.1 Introduction 100
4.2 Host Specificity and Infectivity 100
4.3 Metacercarial Excystment 101
4.4 Establishment in the Definitive Host 103
4.5 Worm Distribution and Habitat Location 106
4.6 Growth and Development of Adult Echinostomes 107
4.7 Mating Behavior of Adult Echinostomes 108
4.8 Fecundity of Echinostomes in the Vertebrate Host 111
4.9 Concluding Remarks 114
References 115
Chapter 5 Maintenance, Cultivation, and Excystation of Echinostomes: 2000–2007 120
5.1 Introduction and Significance 121
5.2 Obtaining Material 125
5.3 Maintenance of Larval and Adult Echinostomes and the Intermediate and Definitive Hosts 128
5.4 In Ovo Cultivation 129
5.5 In Vitro Cultivation 129
5.6 Transplantation of Larval and Adult Echinostomes to New Sites 130
5.7 In Vivo and In Vitro Excystation of Metacercariae 130
5.8 In Vitro Encystment of Cercariae 132
5.9 Concluding Remarks 132
References 133
Chapter 6 Echinostomes in the Wild 138
6.1 Introduction 139
6.2 Major and Minor Species of Echinostomes in the Wild 139
6.3 Echinostomes as Experimental Models 143
6.4 Co-infection of Echinostomes and Other Helminths in the Wild 147
6.5 Pathological Aspects in Natural and Experimental Infections 147
6.6 Potential of Wild Echinostome Zoonoses 148
6.7 Impact of Parasitism on Wildlife Conservation 149
References 150
Chapter 7 Echinostomes in Humans 155
7.1 Introduction 156
7.2 Taxonomy, Biology and Epidemiology of Echinostomes Infecting Humans 158
7.3 Pathology and Symptomatology of Echinostomes Infecting Humans 175
7.4 Immunology of Human Echinostomiasis 180
7.5 Diagnosis, Treatment, and Control of Echinostomes Infecting Humans 182
References 184
Chapter 8 Immunology and Pathology of Echinostome Infections in the Definitive Host 192
8.1 Introduction 193
8.2 Manifestations of Resistance to Infection 193
8.3 Experimental Models for the Study of the Immunobiology of Echinostome Infections 195
8.4 Pathology of the Echinostome Infections 197
8.5 Mechanisms of Resistance to Echinostome Infections 199
8.6 Antigenic Characterization of Adult Echinostomes 206
8.7 Immunodiagnosis 207
8.8 Concluding Remarks 209
References 209
Chapter 9 Echinostomes: Genomics and Proteomics 214
9.1 Introduction 215
9.2 Echinostome Genomics 216
9.3 Echinostome Proteomics 221
9.4 Concluding Remarks 231
References 231
Chapter 10 Studies of Echinostomes Using Chromatography and Atomic Spectrometry 236
10.1 Introduction 237
10.2 Thin-Layer Chromatography Principles and Methods 237
10.3 Thin-Layer Chromatography Applications 242
10.4 Gas Chromatography 248
10.5 Column Liquid Chromatography 250
10.6 Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometry and Atomic Absorption Spectrometry 251
10.7 Concluding Remarks 252
References 253
Chapter 11 Effects of Environmental Change on Helminth Infections in Amphibians: Exploring the Emergence of Ribeiroia and Echinostoma Infections in North America 256
11.1 Introduction 257
11.2 Overview of Ribeiroia 260
11.3 Overview of Echinostomes 271
11.4 Possible Causes of Parasite Emergence 276
11.5 Concluding Remarks 280
References 282
Chapter 12 Concurrent Infections of Echinostomes with Helminths and Protozoans 288
12.1 Introduction 289
12.2 Echinostome Coinfection with Heterologous Echinostomes 289
12.3 Echinostome Coinfection with Other Helminths 291
12.4 Echinostome Coinfection with Protozoans 294
12.5 Concluding Remarks 297
References 298
Chapter 13 Use of Echinostoma spp. in Studies on Chemotherapy and Metabolic Profiling 301
13.1 Introduction 302
13.2 Use of Echinostoma spp. in Trematocidal Drug Discovery and Development 303
13.3 Metabonomic Investigation on Echinostoma caproni in the Mouse Model 308
13.4 Concluding Remarks 325
References 326
Index 331