Linguistic Disorders and Pathologies (eBook)

Contents 4
Preface 5
I. Language Use in Normal Speakers and its Disorders 15
1. The Architecture of Normal Spoken Language Use 15
1. Introduction 15
2. Speaking 15
3. Speech Understanding 21
4. Incrementality, Autonomyand Interaction 26
5. References 27
2. Morphosyntactic Characteristics of Spoken Language 15
1. Introduction 30
2. Language as an Interpersonal Activity 30
3. The ‚Oral-Written’ Dimension 37
4. Generation of Surface Structure 38
5. ‚Anomalies’ in Spoken Language 41
6. Concluding Remarks 44
7. References 44
3. Phonological and Articulatory Characteristics of Spoken Language 15
1. Introduction 48
2. Two Perspectives on Coarticulation 50
3. Coordination 56
4. Speech Dynamics 58
5. References 58
4. Characteristics of Hesitation Phenomena 60
1. The Hesitant Nature of Speech 60
2. Planning Units 61
3. The Influence of Syntax 62
4. The Influence of Content 63
5. Cognitive Rhythms 64
6. Implications for the Study of Language Pathology 65
7. References 65
5. Spontaneous and Evoked Slips of the Tongue 67
1. Introduction 67
2. Definitions and Typologies of Slips of the Tongue 68
3. Conditioning Factors 70
4. Experimental Procedures for Exploring Speech Errors 73
5. Methodological Issues 75
6. Conclusions 77
7. References 78
6. Slips of the Pen, Tongue, and Typewriter:A Contrastive Analysis 80
1. Introduction 80
2. Errors: General Considerations 80
3. Typing Errors 81
4. Classes of Pen Slips 82
5. Error Detection 83
6. Feedbackin Handwriting and Typing 83
7. Comparisonsof Slips across Modalities 83
8. References 85
7. Errors and their Relevance for Models of Language Production 86
1. Introduction 86
2. Phrasal Processing 89
3. Lexical Retrievaland Phrasal Construction 96
4. Relations of Phrasal and Lexical Processes: Error Data and Experimental Evidence 101
5. References 104
8. Disordered Language in Creative Writing 106
1. Introduction 106
2. Rule-Breaking 107
3. Chance and Choice 108
4. Form and Meaning 110
5. References 111
II. Acquired Organic Pathologies of Language Behavior: Neurolinguistic Disorders 112
9. Clinical Symptoms and Syndromes of Aphasia 112
1. Definition 112
2. Epidemiology and Etiology 112
3. Symptoms of Aphasia 112
4. Syndromes of Aphasia 117
5. References 129
10. Cerebral Organization of Language 134
1. Introduction 134
2. Anatomical Issues 134
3. Physiological Issues 135
4. Functional Issues 137
5. Biological Issues 138
6. Language Functionand Lesion Localization 140
7. Language Functionand Cortical Stimulation 145
8. Conclusion 147
9. References 147
11. Diagnostic Methods in Aphasiology 152
1. Introduction 152
2. The Test Battery Approach 154
3. The Single Case Study Approachin Cognitive Neuropsychology 160
4. Two Specific Assessment Problems 163
5. Conclusion 164
6. References 165
12. Semantic Disorders in Aphasia 168
1. Introduction 168
2. Lexical Semantics 169
3. Category- and Modality-Specific Deficits 170
4. Sentence Semantics and Logical Form 172
5. Conclusions 173
6. References 173
13. Syntactic Disorders in Aphasia 175
1. Introduction 175
2. Major Historical Forerunners 176
3. Agrammatismas a Central Syntactic Deficit 177
4. Agrammatismas a Morpholexical Deficit 179
5. Modality Specificityand Performance Disorders 180
6. Current Syntactic Accounts 180
7. Conclusion 181
8. References 182
14. Disorders of Word Class Processing in Aphasia 184
1. Syntactic Categories 184
2. Disorders of Language Processing in Aphasia 188
3. Theories of Agrammatism Connected to Category Distinction 193
4. References 195
15. Disorders of Lexical Morphology in Aphasia 196
1. Introduction 196
2. Morphological Errors and their Interpretation 197
3. Jargonaphasia and Word-Formation Mechanisms 199
4. Morphological Deficits in Sentence Comprehension and Production 199
5. Morphological Representationand Processing 200
6. References 200
16. Disorders of Word-Form Processing in Aphasia 202
1. Introduction 202
2. Productive Sources for Neologisms 202
3. Production Models for Neologisms 204
4. Conclusion 210
5. References 210
17. Segmental Disorders in Aphasia 212
1. Introduction 212
2. The Clinical Populationunder Examination 213
3. An approach to the Interpretation of Segmental Output Errorsin Aphasia 214
4. Segmental Error Patterns in Aphasia that Reflect Different Phonological Deficits 217
5. Summary 222
6. References 222
18. Disorders of Prosody in Aphasia 224
1. Characteristics of Prosody 224
2. The Perception of Prosodic Features in Aphasia 225
3. The Production of Stress and Pitch in Aphasia 227
4. The Foreign Accent Syndrome 228
5. References 229
19. Nonpropositional Speech in Aphasia 230
1. Introduction 230
2. Characterization of Nonpropositional Language 231
3. Nonpropositional Speech Production 233
4. Nonpropositional Language Comprehension 235
5. Discussion 236
6. References 237
20. Repetitive Phenomena in Aphasia 240
1. Introduction 240
2. Stereotypy or Recurrent Utterance 240
3. Echolalia 243
4. Contamination 244
5. Perseveration 245
6. Conclusions 251
7. References 251
21. Aphasia and Models of Language Production and Perception 253
1. Introduction 253
2. Lichtheim’s Model 253
3. Modern Box and Arrow Models 257
4. A Comparison and Critique 259
5. A Modern Treatment of Paraphasias 260
6. Conclusion 264
7. References 264
22. Acquired Disorders of Reading 266
1. Introduction 266
2. Disorders of Written Word Perception and Identification 266
3. Impairments of Phonological Reading 272
4. Reading via Semantics 272
5. References 274
23. Acquired Disorders of Writing and Spelling 277
1. Historical Introduction 277
2. Modern Models of Writing 279
3. Agraphia in Alzheimer’s Disease 288
4. References 289
24. Multilingualism and Aphasia 293
1. Introduction 293
2. Patterns of Recovery 293
3. Three Questions about Language Representation in the Brain 294
4. Neurofunctional Organization of More Than One Language 297
5. The Measure of Deficits 301
6. Conclusion 301
7. References 301
25. Communicative Behavior in Aphasia 303
1. Introduction 303
2. Review of the Experimental Evidence 305
3. Clinical Implications 312
4. General Conclusions 314
5. References 314
26. Text Processing in Aphasia 318
1. Introduction 318
2. Sentence Level within Text 319
3. Text Level Processing 320
4. Dissociation between Language Levels 321
5. Relationship between Language Levels 322
6. Macrostructure in Text Processing 323
7. Conclusion 324
8. References 324
27. Aphasia and Intelligence 325
1. Introduction 325
2. Intelligence or Intelligences? 326
3. Intelligenceand Information-Processing 327
4. Aphasia and Non-Verbal Deficits 329
5. Conclusions 330
6. References 331
28. Aphasia and Apraxia 332
1. Introduction 332
2. Brain Localization 334
3. Apraxia and Type of Aphasia 334
4. Modality Specific Apraxia 334
5. Testing for Apraxia 334
6. ‘Linguistic’ Description and Analysis of Parapractic Errors 335
7. Receptive Aspects of Apraxia 336
8. Sequential Aspects of Aphasia and Apraxia 336
9. Linguistic Models of Aphasia in Relation to Apraxia 337
10. Conclusions 338
11. References 338
29. Aphasia and Acalculia 340
1. Overview 340
2. Introduction 340
30. Short-Term Memory in Aphasia 347
1. Introduction 347
2. Memory Disordersin Aphasic Patients 347
3. Do Memory Impairments Play a Specific Role in Sentence Repetition, Comprehension, and Expression? 349
4. Summary 361
5. References 362
31. Aphasia Therapy 367
1. Introduction 367
2. Intuitive Therapies 367
3. Model-Based Approaches 371
4. Communication Therapy 376
5. Evaluation 379
6. Delivery of Services 380
7. Conclusion 382
8. References 383
32. Psychosocial Aspects of Aphasia 387
1. A Framework for Psychosocial Studies 387
2. Adjusting to the Social Context 388
3. Intervention and Rehabilitation 389
4. Future Perspectives 390
5. References 391
33. Pathology of Nonaphasic Language Behavior after Focal Left Hemispheric Damage 393
1. Frontal Lobe Language Disorders 393
2. ‚Latent Dysphasia’ after Non-perisylvian Cortical Damage 395
3. Subcortical Language Disorders 396
4. Conclusion 396
5. References 396
34. Verbal Communication Deficits after Right-Hemisphere Damage 398
1. Prosody 398
2. Lexical Semantics 399
3. Text and Pragmatics 400
4. Specificity of the Verbal Communication Disorders 401
5. Incidence of Verbal Communication Deficits 401
6. References 401
35. Pathology of Language Behavior in Dementia 403
1. Introduction 403
2. Alzheimer’s Disease 404
3. Parkinson’s Disease 410
4. Huntington’s Disease 413
5. Pick’s Disease 416
6. Progressive Aphasia and Dementia 417
7. References 417
36. Language Disorderswith Diffuse Brain Disease of Acute Onset 424
1. Introduction 424
2. General Neurological Outcomes 425
3. Underlying Neurophysiological Mechanisms 425
4. Language Characteristics of Patientswith Diffuse Brain Disease of Acute Onset 426
5. Conclusions 428
6. References 429
III. Acquired Organic Pathologies of Language Behavior:Neurophonetic Disorders 431
37. Dynamical Systems and Speech 431
1. Introductionand Historical Perspective 431
2. Functional Constraints onMultiarticulator Coordination 432
3. Coordination Dynamics of Speech 433
4. Conclusions 437
5. References 437
38. Pathophysiology of Disordered Articulation 440
1. Viewpoint 440
2. Basic Speech Motor Actions 441
3. Classificationof the Motor Speech Disorders 442
4. Considerations for Classificationof Motor Speech Disorders 445
5. References 446
39. Assessment Methods in Neurophonetics:Speech Production 447
1. Introduction 447
2. Assessment Techniques 447
3. Assessment Paradigms 454
4. Neurophonetic Assessment:Means and Ends 455
5. References 456
40. Speech Apraxia 458
1. Definition 459
2. Related Conditions 459
3. History 459
4. Signs of Speech Apraxia 460
5. A Contemporary Portraitof Speech Apraxia 462
6. Subtypes of Speech Apraxia 462
7. Localization 462
8. Explanations 463
9. Diagnosis 463
10. Conclusions 464
11. References 464
41. Spastic Dysarthria 467
1. Introduction 467
2. Attributes of Spastic Dysarthria 468
3. The Pathophysiology of Spasticity 469
4. Management of the Individualwith Spastic Dysarthria 470
5. References 471
42. Flaccid Dysarthria 472
1. Introduction 472
2. PeripheralNeuromuscular Structuresand Speech CharacteristicsAssociatedwith Flaccid Dysarthria 472
3. Neurological Causesof Flaccid Dysarthria 474
4. Management 475
5. References 476
43. Hypo- and Hyperkinetic Dysarthria 476
1. Types of Hypokineticand Hyperkinetic Dysarthria 476
2. Disorder Characteristics 477
3. Symptom Modulation 479
4. Pathophysiology 480
5. Characteristicsof the Speech Execution SystemBased on the Hypo-and Hyperkinetic Dysarthrias 481
6. References 481
44. Cerebellar Dysarthria 483
1. Introduction 483
2. Clinical Perceptual Attributesof Cerebellar Dysarthria 484
3. Phonetic Attributes 485
4. Acoustic Attributes 486
5. Kinematic Attributes 486
6. Pathophysiological Mechanismsin Cerebellar Dysarthria 489
7. Management of Patientswith Cerebellar Dysarthria 489
8. References 489
45. Feedback Impairments in Dysarthria 491
1. Background 491
2. Possible Sensory Impairmentsin Dysarthria 492
3. Clinical Assessmentof Sensorimotor Integrity 494
4. Implications for Treatment 494
5. Conclusions 495
6. References 495
46. Therapy of Dysarthrias and Speech Apraxia 495
1. Definitions 495
2. Therapy of the Dysarthrias 496
3. Treatment of Speech Apraxia 499
4. References 499
47. Effects of Anatomical Alterations on Fully Developed Articulation 501
1. Introduction 501
2. Maxillary Resections 501
3. Ablation of the Soft Palate 501
4. Mandibulectomy 501
5. Glossectomy 502
6. References 504
48. Disorders of Phonation 506
1. Introduction 506
2. Organic Voice Disorders 508
3. Functional Voice Disorders 510
4. Central Voice DisordersFollowing Craniocerebral Injury(CI) 511
5. References 512
49. Pure Word Deafness (Verbal Auditory Agnosia) 513
1. Cortical Deafness 513
2. Auditory Agnosia 514
3. Pure Word Deafness 514
4. References 517
50. Speech Tics in Tourette’s Syndrome 519
1. Characteristicsof Tourette’s Syndrome 519
2. Characteristics of Ticsin Tourette’s Syndrome 519
3. Effects of Speech Behavioron Tic Frequency 520
4. Position of Tics in Speech 521
5. Are Tics Voluntary or Involuntary? 521
6. Pathophysiology of Tic Behavior 521
7. Associated Behaviors 522
8. Relationships with Other Deficits 522
9. Conclusions 523
10. References 523
IV. Pathologies of Language Use in Psychiatric Disorders 525
51. Language Behavior in Alexithymia 525
1. Neurosisand Psychosomatic Disease 525
2. Affect Verbalization and Alexithymia 525
3. Communication of Emotional Meaning 526
4. Content Analysis and Emotional Meaning 526
5. Concluding Remarks 527
6. References 527
52. Pathology of Language Behavior in Affective Psychoses 528
1. Introduction 528
2. Speech Production 528
3. Syntax and Text 530
4. Lexicon and Semantics 530
5. Fluency and Speech Disruptions 531
6. Conclusion 534
7. References 534
53. Thought Disorders and Language Behavior in Schizophrenia 537
1. Introduction 537
2. The Descriptionand Quantitative Measurement of Schizophrenic Utterance 539
3. Language and Motor Behavior 541
4. Associational Processes 542
5. Memory and Language 544
6. A Model of Schizophrenic Utterance: The Association Activation Hypothesis 545
7. References 547
54. Linguistic Aspects of Language Behavior in Schizophrenia 549
1. Linguistic Deviations in Schizophrenic Speech 549
2. Systematic Studies of Naturally Occurring Schizophrenic Speech 552
3. Experimental Studies 555
4. Conclusions 556
5. References 557
55. Glossomania and Glossolalia in Schizophasia and their Linguistic Kinships to the Jargonaphasias 558
1. Schizophrenic Speech 558
2. Schizophasia 559
3. Schizophrenic Speech, 563
4. References 563
56. Communicative Behavior in Schizophrenia 564
1. Introduction 564
2. Description of Deviances 564
3. Conditions of the Occurrence of Deviances 567
4. Summary 568
5. References 568
V. Pathologies and Disorders of Language Development 573
57. Landmarks in Children’s Language Development 573
1. Introduction 573
2. The Developmentof Linguistic Competence 573
3. The Development of Communicative Competence 582
4. Some Closing Words 584
5. References 585
58. Definition and Diagnosis of Language Development Disorders 589
1. Introduction 589
2. Decline of the Medical Model 589
3. The Psychology of Language Development Disorder 592
4. References 597
59. Neurological Aspects of Language Development Disorders 600
1. Introduction 600
2. Hemisphere Structure 602
3. Associated Neurological Abnormalities 604
4. A Critical Period for Language Acquisition? 606
5. References 607
60. Psychiatric and Psychological Aspects of Language Development Disorders 610
1. Introduction 610
2. Influenceson Normal Language Development 610
3. Psychosocial Sequelae 615
4. References 618
61. Children with Specific Language Impairment (Developmental Dysphasia): Linguistic Aspects 621
1. Introduction 621
2. Characteristics of Dysphasic Children 622
3. Patterns of Language Behaviorand Development 623
4. Information Processing Problems 636
5. References 638
62. Children with Specific Language Impairment (Developmental Dysphasia): Perceptual and Cognitive Aspects 640
1. Introduction 640
2. Perceptual Aspects 640
3. Conceptualand Representational Aspects 645
4. The Search for Causal Factors:Conclusions and Future Directions 650
5. References 652
63. Children with Specific Language Impairment (Developmental Dysphasia): Treatment 655
1. Introduction 655
2. The Effectiveness of Language Treatment 655
3. The Focus of Treatment 659
4. Summary 660
5. References 660
64. Acquired Aphasia in Children 661
1. Incidence of Childhood Aphasia 662
2. Ontogenyof Hemispheric Dominance 662
3. Symptoms of Childhood Aphasia 665
4. Recovery and Sparing of Function 669
5. Conclusions 672
6. References 672
65. Language Acquisition and Development with Sensory Impairment: Hearing-Impaired Children 675
1. Factors Affecting Language Acquisition 675
2. Conductive Hearing Loss 678
3. Prelingual Hearing Loss:Research Questions 680
4. Oral Language 681
5. Written Language 685
6. Lip-Reading 686
7. Sign Language Acquisition 689
8. Summary and Conclusions 690
9. References 691
66. Language Acquisition and Development with Sensory Impairment:Blind Children 694
1. Theoreticaland Methodological Issues 694
2. Phonology 695
3. Morphology and Syntax 696
4. Semantics 697
5. Pragmatics, Input, and Interaction 698
6. Conclusions 701
7. References 701
67. Language Acquisition and Developmentin Persons with Mental Retardation 703
1. Introduction 703
2. Elements of Language Acquisition 703
3. Specific Syndromes 707
4. Summary 709
5. References 709
68. Patterns of Interactionand Communication in Language Development Disorders 712
1. Introduction 712
2. Input: Mothers’ Speechto Language Disordered Children 714
3. Discourse Features in Language Disordered Children 719
4. The Conceptof Maternal Adjustment Revisited 721
5. References 723
69. Disorders of Written Language Development:Definitions and Overview 726
1. Learning to Read:The Alphabetic Principleand Stage Models of Reading Development 726
2. Reading Disorders: Definitions, Methods and Some History 728
3. Reading Disorders: Alternative Conceptions 732
4. References 735
70. Developmental Dyslexia and Language Disorders 739
1. Introduction 739
2. Spoken Language Deficits in Dyslexic Children 739
3. Written Language Deficits in Dyslexic Children 742
4. Individual DifferencesAmongst Dyslexic Children 742
5. Higher-Level Language Difficulties in Dyslexic Children? 744
6. Treatment Implications 744
7. Conclusions and Future Directions 746
8. References 746
71. Developmental Dyslexia and Cognitive Processes 748
1. Methodological Issues: Trying to Establish Causes 748
2. Visual Problems 749
3. Verbal Memory Problems 751
4. Conclusions and Future Directions 754
5. References 755
72. Single and Multiple Component Developmental Dyslexias 757
1. History and Background 757
2. Surface Dyslexia 758
3. Phonological Dyslexia 762
4. Deep Dyslexia 765
5. References 766
73. Treatment of Developmental Reading and Spelling Disorders 768
1. The Scope of Remedial Approaches 768
2. Methodological Issues in Evaluating Intervention 768
3. Psychological and Educational Approaches 769
4. Medicaland Neurological Approaches 777
5. Future Research 778
6. References 778
74. Hyperlexia and Precocious Reading 783
1. Definitions and Issues 783
2. Mechanisms Underlying Hyperlexic Reading 784
3. Parallels with Normal Precocious Reading 785
4. Conclusions 786
5. References 787
75. Aspects of Metalinguistic Abilities in Specific Language Impairment (Developmental Dysphasia) and Dyslexia 788
1. Metalinguistic Abilities: 788
2. Populations Exhibiting Deficitsin Metalinguistic Awareness 790
3. Relation Between Developmental Language Disorders and Reading Disabilities 790
4. Experimental Studies of Metalinguistic Skills Evidenced by SLI Children 791
5. Experimental Investigationsof the Relation Between Metalinguistic Skills and Reading Development/Disabilities 793
6. Claims Regarding the Role of Metalinguistics in Language Disorders and Reading Disabilities 796
7. Clinical Implications: Assessment and Remediation 797
8. Directions for Future Research 798
9. References 798
76. Communicative Behavior with Neurotic Developmental Disorders:Elective Mutism 803
1. Introduction 803
2. Traumatic Mutism 803
3. Elective Mutism 803
4. References 808
77. Language and Communicative Behavior in Childhood Psychosis 809
1. Definition 809
2. Symptomatology 810
3. Speech and Language Behavior in Schizophrenic Children 811
4. Differential Diagnosis 815
5. Relationship between Language Disorders and Communicative Behavior 816
6. Conclusions 817
7. References 817
78. Language and Communicative Behavior in Autistic Disorder 819
1. Introduction 819
2. Epidemiology and Classification 820
3. Differential Diagnosis 820
4. Etiology of Autistic Disorderand PDD 823
5. Language and Communication Deficits in Autism 826
6. Intervention Strategiesfor Communication 829
7. Prognosis of Autistic Disorder 835
8. References 835
79. Speech Disordered Children 840
1. Introduction 840
2. Describing Phonological Errors 840
3. Associated Underlying Deficits 842
4. Causal Factors 844
5. Psycholinguistic Implications of Phonological Disorder 846
6. References 847
80. Developmental Dysarthria 849
1. Introduction 849
2. Etiology and Behavioral Pathology 850
3. Speech Pathology 854
4. Clinical Evaluation 858
5. Treatment 864
6. Summary 869
7. References 869
81. Effects of Congenital Malformations on Speech Development 873
1. Introduction 873
2. Cleft Lip and Palate 873
3. Apert Syndromeand Crouzon Disease 876
4. References 878
82. Stuttering: Physiological Correlates and Theoretical Perspectives 879
1. Introduction 879
2. Physiological Correlates of Stuttering 880
3. Conclusion 883
4. References 884
83. Linguistic Phenomenology in Stuttering 885
1. Introduction 885
2. Stuttering Accompanied by Language Disorders 885
3. Stuttering is a Language Disorder 886
4. Language Systems 887
5. Cognitive Grammar 888
6. The Competition Model 888
7. Research Implications 889
8. References 890
84. Psychological Aspects and Theories of Stuttering 891
1. Introduction 891
2. Psychological Aspects of Childhood Stuttering 892
3. Psychological Aspectsof Adulthood Stuttering 896
4. Discussion 898
5. References 899
85. Therapy of the Stuttering Child 900
1. Introduction 900
2. The Direct Treatment of Stuttering 900
3. The Indirect Treatment of Stuttering 903
4. References 906
86. Therapy of the Stuttering Adult 908
1. Speech Therapy and Fluency Training 908
2. The Combination of Speechand Social Therapy Measures 911
3. Multimodal Therapy 911
4. Therapy Success and Prognosis 912
5. Conclusion 912
6. References 913
87. Language Changes in Old Age 915
1. Organizationof Semantic Information 915
2. Language Comprehension 919
3. Production of Discourse 923
4. Language in Normal Aging, Aphasia, and Alzheimer’s Disease 926
5. References 928
VI. Indexes 934
88. Editors and Contributors 934
89. Index of Names 940
90. Subject Index 970