Experimental Glycoscience (eBook)

Preface 5
Editorial Board 7
Contents 8
Contents of Experimental Glycoscince: Glycochemistry 16
List of Contributors 17
Part 1 Glycosyltransferase Genes 19
Section I Glycosyltransferases 20
Convenient Synthesis of Glycan-Related Oligosaccharides and Their Transformation into Neoglycoconjugates Using Enzymatic Methods 21
Comparison of Glycosyltransferase Families Using the Profi le Hidden Markov Model 25
N-Acetylglucosaminyltransferases Involved in N- Glycan Biosynthesis 29
UDP-N-Acetyl-d-Galactosamine:polypeptide N- Acetylgalactosaminyltransferases ( ppGaNTases, pp- GalNAc- Ts, EC 2.4.1.41) 32
Glycosyltransferase Family with b4GT Motif(b4Gal-T and b4GalNAc-T Family) 35
O-Mannosyltransferase and POMGnT1 46
Glycosyltransferases Involved in O-fucose Glycan Synthesis 49
Fucosyltransferase 52
FUT8 Assay 55
Sialyltransferases 58
Glucuronyltransferases Involved in the HNK- 1 Biosynthesis 63
Linkage Glycosyltransferases 66
Glycosyltransferases Involved in the Biosynthesis of Glycolipids 69
Sialyltransferases and Other Enzymes Involved in the Biosynthesis of Gangliosides 72
Heparan Sulfate Synthases and Related Genes 75
Chondroitin Sulfate Biosynthesis and Related Genes 80
Biosynthesis of Keratan Sulfate 83
Hyaluronan Synthase Assay 86
Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-Anchored Protein Biosynthesis and Related Genes in Mammalian Cells 88
Cloning of Genes for N-linked Oligosaccharide Synthesis in Endoplasmic Reticulum 92
Section II Sugar- Modifi ed Enzymes 96
N-acetylglucosamine-6-O-sulfotransferases 97
Sulfotransferases Involved in Sulfation of Glycosaminoglycans 101
Sulfatide Synthase 108
CMP-N-acetylneuraminic Acid Hydroxylase 111
Section III Transporters 114
Nucleotide Sugar Transporter Genes and Their Functional Analysis 115
Section IV Glycosidases 120
Processing Enzymes Involved in N-glycan Biosynthesis and Related Genes: the Golgi N- glycan Processing a- mannosidase II and a- mannosidase IIx 121
Sialidase Genes 125
Release of Sugar Chains from Glycosphingolipids 129
Heparan Sulfate Endosulfatase Assay 133
Sphingolipid Activator Proteins 135
Section V Animal Lectins 140
Affinity Purification of Recombinant Galectins 141
Siglec Family 144
Part 2 Functional Analyses of Sugar Chains 149
Section VI Immunology 150
NKT Cells and Their Recognition of Glycolipids 151
Carbohydrate Ligands for Selectins in Immune Cell Traffi cking 154
Carbohydrate Recognition by Cytokines and Its Relevance to Their Physiological Activities 160
Detection of Mouse MGL1/CD301a by a Specific Monoclonal Antibody 164
Roles of Serum Lectins in Host Defense 168
Siglec-2 Is a Key Molecule for Immune Response 173
Galectin and Immune System: Toward Clinical Applications 177
Section VII Brains and Nerves 180
Novel Glycolipids in Developing Brain: Determination by Nano- LC/ MS/ MS 181
Functional Roles of the HNK-1 Carbohydrate and Polysialic Acid in the Nervous System 184
Neuronal Function of Sulfatide 186
Accumulation of Alzheimer b-amyloid viaGanglioside Clusters 189
Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycans and Neuronal Network Formation 192
Processing of Glycosyltransferases by Alzheimer’sb-secretase (BACE1) 196
Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycans: A Key Substance for Central Nervous System Injury Repair 199
Section VIII Quality Control of Proteins 203
A Cytoplasmic Peptide: N-Glycanase and ER- Associated Degradation 204
Ubiquitination of Glycoproteins in the Cytosol 207
Degradation of Misfolded Glycoproteins in the Endoplasmic Reticulum 210
Section IX Golgi and Lysosomal Diseases 214
Retrograde Transport of Glycolipid- Bound Toxins 215
Degradation of Hyaluronan and Its Disorder 218
Recent Advances in Enzyme Replacement Therapy for Lysosomal Diseases 221
Section X Infections 224
Developing an Assay System for the Hemagglutinin Mutations Responsible for the Binding of Highly Pathogenic Avian Infl uenza A Viruses to Human- Type Receptors 225
Helicobacter pylori Growth Assay for Glycans 227
Binding Properties of Clostridium botulinum Type C Progenitor Toxin 230
Section XI Cancer 233
Fucosylation and Cancer 234
Biological Significance of Mucins Produced by Epithelial Cancer Cells 237
Regulation of Glycosyltransferases for O-Glycan Core Structure in Cancer and Their Relations to Metastasis 242
Roles of Carbohydrate-Mediated Cell Adhesion in Cancer Progression 245
Conditional Transgenic Mouse of Hyaluronan Synthase: A Potential Model of Advanced Breast Cancer 251
Section XII Regeneration Medicine and Transplantation 254
Proteoglycans in Tissue Regeneration 255
Stem Cell Glycobiology 260
Human Embryonic Stem (ES) Cells and Induced Pluripotent Stem ( iPS) Cells Are Defi ned by Carbohydrate Markers 263
Glycoantigens in Xenotransplantation 265
Section XIII Fertilization 270
Glycoconjugates in Spermatogenesis 271
Recognition Mechanism of Egg and Sperm Based on Sugar Chains 274
Section XIV Development, Differentiation, and Morphogenesis 278
Functional Analysis of Sugar Chains Using a Genome- Wide RNAi System in Drosophila 279
Functional Glycomics at the Level of Single Cells: Studying Roles of Sugars in Cell Division, Differentiation, and Morphogenesis with 4D Microscopy 284
Studies on Functions of Notch O-Fucosylation in Drosophila 289
Membrane Microdomain as a Platform of Carbohydrate- Mediated Interactions During Early Development of Medaka Fish 293
Functions of Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans in Morphogenesis 297
Fukutin and Fukuyama Congenital Muscular Dystrophy 303
Section XV Muscle Dystrophy and Carbohydrate Disorders of Glycosylation 307
Congenital Muscular Dystrophies Due to the Glycosylation Defect 308
Molecular Diagnosis of Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation 312
Research in Japan Has Contributed to the Understanding of GPI Anchor Defi ciency 316
Section XVI Lifestyle- Related Diseases 319
Aberrant Expression of Sialidase in Cancer and Diabetes 320
Insulin Resistance and Type 2 Diabetes as Microdomain Disease: Implication of Ganglioside GM3 324
Section XVII IgA Nephropathy 328
Incompleteness of O-glycans at the Hinge Region of IgA1 and IgA Nephropathy 329
b4-Galactosyltransferase Defi ciency andIgA Nephropathy 333
Glycosyltransferases Involved in the Biosynthesis of IgA O- Glycans 336
Section XVIII Growth Factor Receptors 337
Importance of Sugar Chains in the Function of Growth Factor Receptors 338
Analysis of N-glycan of Growth Factor Receptors 340
The Midkine Family and Its Receptors 344
N-glycans Regulate Integrin a5b1 Functions 347
Section XIX Blood Groups and Blood Cells 349
Blood Group Antigens: Blood Group Carbohydrate Antigens 350
Bombay, Lewis and Ii Blood Group Antigens on Human Erythrocytes 353
Blood Cells in Glycobiology 356
Part 3 Glycosyltransferase Gene KO Mice 360
Section XX Glycosyltransferase Gene KO Mice 361
Fucosyltransferase-9 Knockout Mouse 362
Knockout Mice of a1,6 Fucosyltransferase (Fut 8) 364
Glucuronyltransferase (GlcAT-P) Gene- Defi cient Mice 366
KO Mice of b1,4-galactosyltransferase-I 368
KO Mice of Cerebroside Sulfotransferase 374
KO Mice of ß1,4- N- acetylgalactosaminyltransferase ( GM2/ GD2 Synthase) 376
KO Mice of a- 2,8- sialyltransferase ( GD3 Synthase) 379
Double KO Mice of ß- 1,4- N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase (GM2/GD2 Synthase) and a- 2,8- sialyltransferase ( GD3 Synthase) 381
Part 4 Infrastructures and Research Resources 384
Section XXI Glycosyltransferases and Related Genes, and Useful Cell Lines 385
Cell Lines for Glycobiology 386
Sugar Chain-Related Genes: Glycosyltransferases Expression System 390
Section XXII Sugar Library 393
GALAXY Database and Pyridylaminated Oligosaccharide Library 394
Mass Production of Sugar Intermediates for the Synthesis of Functional Oligosaccharides 398
Section XXIII Database 401
A Database System for Glycogenes (GGDB) 402
CabosDB: Carbohydrate Sequencing Database 405
GlycoEpitope: A Database of Carbohydrate Epitopes and Antibodies 408
A Novel Lectin-Affinity Database for Structural Glycomics 411
Glycoconjugate Data Bank 414
KEGG GLYCAN for Integrated Analysis of Pathways, Genes, and Structures 420
Section XXIV Microarray 424
DNA Microarray in Glycobiology 425
Lectin Microarray 429
Carbohydrate Microarray for Deciphering the Information Embedded in Oligosaccharide Structures 433
Glossary 437
Index 469