Biotechnology for Agro-Industrial Residues Utilisation (eBook)

Preface 6
Acknowledgements 8
Contents 9
Contributors 12
General 15
Agro-Industrial Residue Utilization for Industrial Biotechnology Products 16
Contents 16
1.1 Introduction 16
1.2 Fermentation and Biocatalysis 18
1.3 Currently Used Renewable Agrosubstrates as Industrial Fermentation Substrates 18
1.4 Towards Agro-Industrial Residue Utilization Technology in Industrial Biotechnology 23
References 23
Pre-treatment of Agro-Industrial Residues 25
Contents 25
2.1 Agro-Industrial Residues 26
2.2 Composition of Residues 27
2.3 Annual Yield 28
2.4 Uses of Agro-Industrial Residues 29
2.5 Pre-treatments 31
2.6 Physical Pre-treatment 32
2.7 Chemical Pre-treatment 33
2.8 Biological and Enzymatic Pre-treatment 35
2.9 Combined Pre-treatments 40
Abbreviations 41
References 41
Production of Industrial Products Using Agro- Industrial Residues as Substrates 46
Production of Organic Acids from Agro- Industrial Residues 47
Contents 47
3.1 Use of Agro-Wastes for Organic Acid Production 48
3.2 Commercial Importance of Organic Acids 48
3.3 Organic Acid Biosynthesis 49
3.4 Citric Acid 50
3.5 Preparation of Production Medium 54
3.6 Optimisation of Factors 56
3.7 Mechanism of Citric Acid Synthesis 59
3.8 Extraction of Citric Acid from Fermentation 60
3.9 Productivity of Citric Acid 61
3.10 Prospects of R & D in Citric Acid Biosynthesis
3.11 Lactic Acid 63
3.12 Prospects of R & D in Lactic Acid Biosynthesis
References 68
Biofuels 71
Contents 71
4.1 Introduction 72
4.2 Bio-Fuels 72
4.3 Biogas 73
4.4 Biohydrogen 78
4.5 Coupling of Biohydrogen and Biomethane Production 79
4.6 Bio Ethanol 79
4.7 Biodiesel 81
4.8 Future Prospectives 83
References 84
Production of Protein-Enriched Feed Using Agro- Industrial Residues as Substrates 87
Contents 87
5.1 Introduction 88
5.2 Technologies Applied toWaste Reprocessing for Protein Enrichment 89
5.3 Agro-Food IndustryWastes and Residues and Their Reuse Potentials 92
5.4 Conclusion and Safety Considerations 102
References 102
Aroma Compounds 114
Contents 114
6.1 Aroma Compounds 115
6.2 Production of Aroma Compounds 115
6.3 Using AgroWastes as Substrates 126
6.4 Recovery 129
6.5 Application of Aroma Compounds 129
References 130
Production of Bioactive Secondary Metabolites 137
Contents 137
7.1 Reasons to Use Agro Residues as Starting Material 138
7.2 What are Bioactive Compounds 138
7.3 Biotechnology Used for Production of Secondary Metabolites from Agro- Industrial Residues 140
7.4 Biosynthesis of Secondary-Metabolites 142
7.5 Process Control in Synthesis of Desired Metabolite 144
7.6 Recovery of Secondary Metabolites in Downstream Processing 148
7.7 Scaling-Up of Process For Secondary Metabolites 149
7.8 Prospects of Agro Residues for Secondary Metabolites Production 151
References 152
Microbial Pigments 154
Contents 154
8.1 Pigments 155
8.2 Food Technology and Color 155
8.3 Market Trends 156
8.4 Microbial Pigments 156
8.5 Pigment Producing Microorganisms 157
8.6 Biodiversity of Filamentous Fungi: A Promising Source of Colorants 157
8.7 Microbial Pigments – Production and Market 159
8.8 Role of Biotechnology 160
8.9 Monascus – A Potent Source of Food Colorant 160
8.10 Monascus Pigments 162
8.11 Monascus Pigment Production by Solid-State Fermentation 165
8.12 Agro-Industrial Residues as Substrates for Monascus Pigment Production 166
8.13 Other Applications of Monascus Pigments 166
References 167
Production of Mushrooms Using Agro- Industrial Residues as Substrates 170
Contents 170
9.1 Introduction 171
9.2 Residue-Based Substrates and their Solid-State Fermentation by Mushroom Fungi 173
9.3 Bioconversion of Solid Residue-Substrates Through Mushroom Cultivation 184
9.4 Closing Remarks 192
References 194
Solid-State Fermentation Technology for Bioconversion of Biomass and Agricultural Residues 204
Contents 204
10.1 Agro-Residue Bioconversion in SSF 205
10.2 A Bio-Technology Solid State Fermentation 208
10.3 Advantages of SSF Over Conventional Liquid Fermentation 209
10.4 Performance Control of SSF Process 211
10.5 Microorganisms Used for Agro-Residues Bioconversion 216
10.6 Designing and Types of SSF 218
10.7 Scale-Up Stages of SSF 220
10.8 Factors Affecting SSF 221
10.9 Processes and Products of SSF 223
References 223
Biotechnological Potential of Agro- Industrial Residues for Bioprocesses 229
Biotechnological Potentials of Cassava Bagasse 230
Contents 230
11.1 Introduction 231
11.2 Cassava- a Global View 231
11.3 Cassava Bagasse 232
11.4 Conclusion 240
References 241
Sugarcane Bagasse 243
Contents 243
12.1 Introduction 244
12.2 Processing of Sugarcane 244
12.3 Composition of Bagasse 244
12.4 Biotechnological Potential of Sugarcane Bagasse 244
12.5 Pre-treatment Methods for Sugarcane Bagasse 250
12.6 Conclusions 252
Abbreviations 252
References 252
Edible Oil Cakes 257
Contents 257
13.1 Introduction 258
13.2 Chemical and Nutrient Composition 259
13.3 Applications of Edible Oil Cakes for Bioprocesses 263
13.4 Conclusion 271
Abbreviations 271
References 271
Biotechnological Potential of Fruit Processing Industry Residues 276
Contents 276
14.1 World Availability of Citrus, Apples and Grapes 277
14.2 Composition of Fruit by-Products 278
14.3 Biotechnological Applications of FruitWastes 280
References 289
Wine Industry Residues 295
Contents 295
15.1 Introduction 296
15.2 Description of Chemical Characteristics of Winery Residues 297
15.3 Advances in Molecular Microbiology 298
15.4 Biotechnological Processes for Bioconversion of Winery Residues to Bioenergy and Biomaterials 304
15.5 Renewable Energy and Biomaterials from Winery Residues 307
References 311
Biotechnological Potential of Brewing Industry By- Products 314
Contents 314
16.1 By-Products Generation During the Brewing Process 315
16.2 Spent Grains 316
16.3 Spent Hops 321
16.4 Surplus Yeast 323
References 325
Biotechnological Potential of Cereal ( Wheat and Rice) Straw and Bran Residues 328
Contents 328
17.1 Introduction 329
17.2 The Utilization of Cereal Straw and Bran Residues 330
17.3 Fractionated Conversion of Cereal Straw 332
17.4 Conclusion 340
Abbreviations 340
References 340
Palm Oil Industry Residues 342
Contents 342
18.1 The Oil Palm 343
18.2 Oil Palm Residues andWastes 344
References 355
Enzymes Degrading Agro-Industrial Residues and Their Production 357
Amylolytic Enzymes 358
Contents 358
19.1 Introduction 359
19.2 Amylolytic Enzymes 360
19.3 Production of Amylolytic Enzymes – Effective Utilisation of Agro Residues 361
19.4 Conclusion 366
Abbreviations 366
References 366
Cellulolytic Enzymes 369
Contents 369
20.1 Introduction 370
20.2 Cellulase Production Employing Agro-Industrial Residues 371
20.3 Pre-Treatment 372
20.4 Microbial Source of Cellulolytic Enzymes 373
20.5 Regulation of Cellulases in Cellulolytic Microorganisms 374
20.6 Application of Cellulase 375
20.7 Future Perspectives 377
20.8 Conclusion 378
References 379
Pectinolytic Enzymes 380
Contents 380
21.1 Introduction 381
21.2 Pectin 382
21.3 Pectinases 384
21.4 Conclusions and Perspectives 390
Abbreviations 391
References 391
Ligninolytic Enzymes 394
Contents 394
22.1 Introduction 395
22.2 Structure of Lignin 395
22.3 Lignin Degrading Enzymes 397
22.4 Sources of Lignin Degrading Enzymes 400
22.5 Production of Ligninolytic Enzymes 401
22.6 Ligninolytic Enzyme Production from Agro- Industrial Residues 402
22.7 Purification of Ligninolytic Enzymes 406
22.8 Conclusions 407
References 407
Bioconversion of Agro-Industrial Residues 412
Anaerobic Treatment of Solid Agro- Industrial Residues 413
Contents 413
23.1 History of Anaerobic Digestion 414
23.2 Biogas Production from Agricultural Residues 414
23.3 Biogas Production Technology 417
23.4 Feed Stocks for Anaerobic Digestion 419
23.5 Cropgen 423
23.6 Concluding Remarks 425
References 425
Vermicomposting of Agro-Industrial Processing Waste 427
Contents 427
24.1 Introduction 428
24.2 Vermicomposting Technology 429
24.3 Suitable Earthworm Species 434
24.4 Vermicompost Quality 435
24.5 Vermiwash 436
24.6 Types of Vermicomposting Systems 437
24.7 Vermicomposting of Different Agro-IndustrialWastes 438
24.8 Conclusions 450
References 450
Index 453