Facilitative Glucose Transporters in Articular Chondrocytes (eBook)

List of Contents 6
Abstract 8
1 Introduction 9
1.1 Nutrient Sensing: A Fundamental Property of All Living Cells 10
1.2 Glucose: The Universal Energy Currency 11
1.3 Regulation of Glucose Metabolism by Feedback Regulation 12
1.4 Glucose Sensors: Lessons Learned from Other Organisms 13
2 Articular Cartilage: Structure, Function, and Pathophysiology 13
2.1 Normal Articular Cartilage Structure and Function 14
2.2 Loss of Articular Cartilage Structure and Function in Osteoarthritis 17
3 Does Arthritis Have a Nutritional Etiology? 21
3.1 Nutrition and Osteoarthritis 21
3.2 Nutrition and Osteochondritis Dissecans 22
3.3 Nutrient Diffusion in the Extracellular Matrix of Articular Cartilage 23
3.4 Cartilage Canals and Vascular Supply in Subchondral Bone 24
3.5 Joint Microcirculation 24
3.6 Diet Influences Cartilage Canal Development 25
4 Metabolic Dysfunction in Arthritis 25
4.1 Regulation of Cartilage Turnover by Nutritional and Endocrine Factors 25
4.2 Resistance to IGF-I Implicates Metabolic Dysfunction in OA 26
5 Glucose: An Essential Metabolite and Structural Precursor for Articular Cartilage 27
5.1 Glucose Metabolism in Articular Cartilage 27
5.2 Glycolysis, Glucose Metabolism, and ATP Production in Articular Cartilage 27
6 Mammalian Sugar Transporter Families: GLUT and SGLT 30
6.1 Physiological Roles of GLUTs 1–5 31
6.2 Physiological Roles of GLUTs 6–14 37
7 Molecular Diversity of Facilitative Glucose Transporters in Articular Chondrocytes 39
7.1 Functional Significance of GLUT1 and GLUT3 in Articular Chondrocytes: The Developmental Perspective 40
7.2 Functional Significance of GLUT1 and GLUT3 in Articular Chondrocytes: The Metabolic Perspective 45
7.3 Regulation of Hypoxia and Hypoxia-Responsive Gene Expression by the Transcription Factor HIF- 1a in Chondrocytes 46
7.4 Expression of HIF- 1a and GLUT1 in Normal and Osteoarthritic Articular Cartilage 48
7.5 Functional Significance of ATP-Sensitive (K ATP ) Potassium Channels in Articular Chondrocytes 54
8 Regulation of Glucose Transport by Nonsteroidal Anti- inflammatory Drugs 58
9 Glucose Transporters in the Intervertebral Disc 61
10 Glucose Transporter Expression and Regulation in Embryonic and Mesenchymal Stem Cells 65
11 Concluding Remarks 74
Acknowledgements 76
References 77
Index 93