Diagnosis of Aging Skin Diseases (eBook)

Robert Norman is an experienced geriatric dermatologist and has published several dermatology textbooks.

Foreword 5
Preface 7
Acknowledgments 9
Contents 11
Contributors 13
The Demographic Imperative 15
Introduction 15
Definitions 15
References 18
Structure and Function of Aging Skin 19
Introduction 19
Structure of the Skin 19
Skin and the Aging Process 20
References 24
Photoaging 25
Introduction 25
Historical Aspects of Skin Exposure to Solar Radiation 25
Epidemiological Aspects of Exposure to Skin to Solar Radiation 34
Conclusion 37
References 38
Aging and the Skin: The Geriatrician’s Perspective 41
Introduction: An Aging Society 41
The Aging Skin 42
Hair Loss and Aging 44
The Lower Limbs and Skin Disorders 44
Wound Healing 46
Endocrine Abnormalities 46
The Skin and Systemic Disease 47
Infections and Infestations 48
The Skin and Cancer 49
Medication Effects 50
References 51
White and Red Lesions of the Oral Mucosa 53
Introduction 53
White Lesions 54
Red Lesions 62
Conclusion 71
References 72
Nail and Hair Disorders in the Elderly 75
Introduction 75
Nail 75
Infections 76
Trauma 79
Brittle Nails 79
Onychauxis 79
Onychogryphosis 80
Onychophosis 80
Onychoclavus 80
Onychocryptosis 81
Subungual Hematomas 82
Subungual Exostosis 82
Onychotilomania 83
Hair 83
Gray Hair 83
Hair Loss 83
Telogen Effluvium 84
Senescent Alopecia 84
Alopecia Areata 85
Androgenetic Alopecia 86
Hirsutism 87
Conclusion 87
References 87
Rosacea in the Elderly 91
Introduction and Definition 91
Epidemiology 91
Clinical Features 92
Complications of Rosacea 93
Differential Diagnosis 95
Pathology of Rosacea 96
Aetiopathogenesis 97
Management 97
Conclusion 98
References 98
Variations in Aging in Ethnic Skin and Hair: Corrective and Cosmetic Treatment 101
Introduction 101
Biological Differences in Skin and Hair 102
Biological Differences Between Patients of Color and Other Skin Types 102
Therapeutic Differences Between Patients of Color and Other Skin Types 103
Ethnicity and Aging 103
Family Practitioner and Dermatologist as a Team 104
Understanding the Role Culture Plays 104
Skin Cancers and Moles 105
Treatment of Skin Cancers 107
Racial and Ethnic Differences in Hair and Scalp 107
Black Men and Hair Loss 108
Cosmetic Procedures 109
What Works 110
Cosmetic Treatment for Keloids 110
Non-cancerous Skin Lesions 110
Summary 112
References 112
Skin Cancer in Elderly Patients 113
References 119
Differential Diagnosis of Autoimmune Bullous Diseases in the Elderly 121
Overview 121
Differential Diagnosis of Subepidermal Bullous Diseases 124
Differential Diagnosis of Intraepidermal Bullous Diseases 128
Differential Diagnosis of Predominantly Mucosal Bullous/Erosive Disease 131
References 133
Geriatric Fungal Infections 137
Introduction 137
Superficial Mycoses 137
Subcutaneous and Deep Infections 142
Treatment of Deep Fungal Infections 151
Opportunistic Mycoses 151
References 159
Xerosis and Pruritus in the Elderly — Recognition and Management 165
Xerosis and Pruritus Overview 165
Research Findings 166
Summary 170
References 171
Sarcoidosis in Aging Skin 175
Introduction 175
Epidemiology 175
Clinicopathologic Characteristics 176
Histopathology 177
Clinical Presentations and Differential Diagnoses 178
Treatment 184
References 185
Inflammatory Scaling Dermatoses (Psoriasis) 189
Introduction 189
Definition 189
Pathophysiology 189
Signs and Symptoms 190
Treatment 193
Seborrheic Dermatitis 195
Lichen Planus 196
Eczema (Dermatitis) 199
Contact Dermatitis 200
Caveats 204
Photodermatitis 205
References 206
The Cutaneous Manifestations of Nutritional Deficiencies 207
Importance of Recognizing Nutritional Deficiencies in the Elderly 207
Vitamin C Deficiency 207
Thiamine Deficiency 208
Riboflavin Deficiency 209
Niacin Deficiency 209
Pyridoxine Deficiency 210
Vitamin B12 Deficiency 211
Folic Acid 211
Biotin 212
Vitamin E Deficiency 212
Vitamin D Deficiency 212
Vitamin A Deficiency 212
Vitamin K Deficiency 213
Zinc Deficiency 213
Starvation 214
Kwashiorkor 214
Essential Fatty Acid Deficiency 215
Conclusions 215
References 217
Infestations, Bites and Stings in Aging Skin 219
Introduction 219
Infestation 219
Bites and Stings 222
References 224
Psychoneurodermatologic Disorders 227
Psychophysiologic Disease 228
Primary Psychiatric Disease 230
Secondary Psychiatric Disease 234
References 236
Common Vascular Disorders in the Elderly 239
Introduction 239
Structural and Functional Changes 239
Venous Ulcers 240
Diabetic Foot Ulcers 241
Varicose Ulcers 243
Varicose Veins 243
Conclusion 244
References 244
Pressure Ulcers 247
Pathophysiology 248
Causes 248
History 249
Where Do Pressure Ulcers Occur? 250
Risk Assessment 250
Assessment 252
Pressure Ulcer Definition 254
Caveats 260
Skin Tears 260
Heel Pressure Ulcers 260
Healing 262
Treatment Strategies 262
Prevention Basics 262
Miscellaneous 263
Current Controversy 264
HelpfulWebsites 265
References 265
Cutaneous Manifestations of Diabetes 267
Necrobiosis Lipoidica Diabeticorum (Fig. 20.1) 267
Acanthosis Nigricans (Fig. 20.2) 268
Diabetic Dermopathy (Fig. 20.3) 270
Diabetic Thick Skin 270
Diabetic Bullae (Fig. 20.4) 271
Yellow Skin 272
Diabetic Ulcers (Fig. 20.5) 272
Diabetic Cutaneous Infections 273
Perforating Dermatosis 274
Eruptive Xanthomas 274
Other Dermatoses 275
References 275
Pain Management in Acute and ChronicWounds 279
History 279
The Basics of Pain 280
Risk 281
Assessment 281
Pain Management Strategies 283
Adjunctive Pain Management 285
Wound Pain 286
Wound Pain Essentials 287
Wound Pain and Types 288
Dressing and Treatment Strategies 290
Pain-Free Tactics 292
Standards and Evidence 292
The Patient’s Perspective 293
Future Discoveries 294
References 295
The Geriatric Patient: Head to Toe Skin Evaluation 299
Objectives 299
Scalp 301
Ears 303
Face 304
Neck 311
Trunk 312
Upper Extremities 317
Hand 320
Pelvis 321
Buttocks 322
Lower Extremities 322
References 328
Selected Geriatric Dermatology Case Studies 329
Case 1 329
Case 2 331
Case 3 332
Case 4 333
Case 5 334
Case 6 336
Case 7 337
Case 8 338
Case 9 340
Case 10 341
Case 11 343
Case 12 344
Case 13 346
Selected Cases on Neurodermatitis (Megan Bock) 348
References 351
Index 353