The Neurological Manifestations of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunodeficiency Syndromes (eBook)

Foreward 7
Preface 9
Table of Contents 11
Contributors 15
Chapter 1 20
Herpes Viruses 20
Herpes Simplex Virus 20
Introduction 20
Epidemiology 20
Pathogenesis 21
Clinical Manifestations 21
Perinatal Disease 21
Intrauterine Disease 21
Skin, Eye, and Mouth Disease 22
Disseminated Disease 23
Neonatal Encephalitis 23
Sporadic Encephalitis 23
Meningitis 26
Other Neurological Disease 26
Diagnosis 27
Treatment 27
Cytomegalovirus 28
Introduction 28
Epidemiology 28
Pathogenesis 28
Clinical Manifestations 29
Congenital CMV Infection 29
Perinatal CMV Infection 29
Acquired CMV Infection 30
Neurological Manifestations 30
Chorioretinitis 32
Sensorineural Hearing Loss 34
Diagnosis 34
Treatment 35
Varicella-Zoster Virus 35
Introduction 35
Epidemiology 36
Pathogenesis 36
Clinical Manifestations 36
Congenital VZV Syndrome 36
Complications of Varicella 37
Neurological Manifestations 38
Encephalitis 38
Cerebellar Ataxia 38
Other Neurological Disease 39
Diagnosis 39
Treatment 40
Prevention 40
Epstein-Barr Virus 40
Introduction 40
Epidemiology 41
Pathogenesis 41
Clinical Manifestations 41
Neurological Manifestations 42
Meningoencephalitis 42
Cerebellitis 43
Other Neurological Diseases 43
Diagnosis 44
Treatment 44
Human Herpesviruses 6 and 7 44
Introduction 44
Epidemiology 45
Pathogenesis 45
Clinical Manifestations 45
Neurological Manifestations 46
Febrile Seizures 46
Meningoencephalitis 46
Other Neurological Diseases 47
Diagnosis 47
Treatment 48
References 48
Chapter 2 58
Myxoviruses 58
Paramyxoviruses 58
Parainfluenza 58
Epidemiology 58
Clinical Manifestations 58
Neurological Manifestations 59
Neuropathology 59
Diagnosis 59
Treatment 60
Mumps 60
Introduction 60
Epidemiology 60
Clinical Manifestations 61
Neurological Manifestations 61
Neuropathology 63
Diagnosis 63
Treatment and Prevention 64
Measles 65
Introduction 65
Epidemiology 65
Clinical Disease 65
Neurological Manifestations 66
Acute Postinfectious Encephalitis 67
Neuropathology 68
Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis 68
Neuropathology 69
Measles Inclusion Body Encephalitis 69
Neuropathology 70
Diagnosis 70
Acute Postinfectious Encephalitis 70
Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis 70
Inclusion Body Encephalitis [76] 71
Treatment 71
Acute Postinfectious Encephalitis 71
Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis 72
Inclusion Body Encephalitis 72
Nipah and Hendra Viruses 72
Introduction 72
Epidemiology 73
Clinical Disease 73
Neurological Manifestations 73
Neuropathology 74
Diagnosis 74
Treatment 75
Orthomyxovirus 75
Introduction 75
Epidemiology 75
Clinical Manifestations 76
Neurological Manifestations 76
Neuropathology 78
Diagnosis 78
Treatment 79
References 79
Chapter 3 86
Picornaviruses 86
Poliomyelitis 86
Introduction 86
Epidemiology 86
Pathogenesis 87
Clinical Manifestations 88
Neurological Manifestations 89
Other Complications 91
Neuropathology 91
Diagnosis 91
Treatment 92
Prevention 92
Nonpolio Enteroviruses (NPEV) 93
Introduction 93
Epidemiology 93
Pathogenesis 94
Clinical Manifestations 94
Neurological Manifestations 95
Neuropathology 96
Diagnosis 96
Treatment 97
Prognosis 97
References 98
Chapter 4 100
Arboviruses 100
Arboviral Infections 100
Introduction 100
The Flaviviridae 101
St. Louis Encephalitis 101
Epidemiology 101
Clinical and Neurological Manifestations 101
Pathogenesis and Neuropathology [7,11,30–33] 103
Diagnosis 103
Treatment 104
Prevention 104
West Nile Neuroinvasive Syndromes 104
Epidemiology 104
Clinical Manifestations 105
Neurological Manifestations 105
Pathogenesis and Neuropathology 107
Diagnosis 108
Treatment 108
Prevention 109
Powassan Encephalitis 109
Epidemiology 109
Clinical and Neurological Manifestations 109
Pathogenesis and Neuropathology 110
Diagnosis 110
Treatment 111
Prevention 111
Bunyaviridae 111
La Crosse Encephalitis 111
Epidemiology 111
Clinical and Neurological Manifestations 112
Pathogenesis and Neuropathology 113
Diagnosis 113
Treatment 114
Prevention 114
CNS Infections Caused by Minor Members of the California Serogroup 114
References 115
Chapter 5 122
Togaviruses 122
Eastern Equine Encephalitis 122
Introduction 122
Epidemiology 122
Clinical and Neurological Manifestations 124
Neuropathology 125
Western Equine Encephalitis 125
Introduction 125
Epidemiology 126
Clinical and Neurological Manifestations 126
Neuropathology 127
Diagnosis 127
Eastern Equine Encephalitis 127
Western Equine Encephalitis 127
Treatment 128
Rubella 128
Introduction 128
Epidemiology 129
Clinical Manifestations 129
Neurological Manifestations 130
Postnatal Rubella Infection of the CNS 130
Encephalitis 130
Congenital Rubella Syndrome 131
Congenital Rubella Encephalitis 131
Progressive Rubella Panencephalitis 132
Neuropathology 133
Diagnosis 133
Treatment 134
Prevention 134
References 134
Chapter 6 138
Rhabdoviruses 138
Rabies 138
Introduction 138
Epidemiology 138
Pathogenesis 139
Clinical Manifestations 139
Neurological Manifestations 139
Neuropathology 140
Diagnosis 140
Treatment 141
References 142
Chapter 7 144
Adenoviruses 144
Adenoviruses 144
Introduction 144
Epidemiology 144
Etiology and Pathogenesis 145
Clinical Manifestations 145
Neurological Manifestations 147
Differential Diagnosis 148
Diagnosis 148
Treatment 148
References 149
Chapter 8 152
Arenaviruses 152
Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) 152
Introduction 152
Epidemiology 153
Pathogenesis 154
Acquired LCMV Infection 154
Congenital LCMV Infection 155
Clinical Manifestations 157
Acquired (Postnatal) LCMV Infection 157
Congenital LCMV Infection 159
Diagnosis 160
Treatment 161
Prognosis 161
Prevention 161
Other Arenavirus Infections of Humans 162
Lassa Fever 162
Argentine Hemorrhagic Fever 163
Bolivian Hemorrhagic Fever 163
Venezuelan Hemorrhagic Fever 163
Sabia Virus Infection 164
Whitewater Arroyo Virus Infection 164
References 165
Chapter 9 168
Orthopoxviruses 168
Smallpox 168
Introduction 168
Epidemiology 168
Pathogenesis 169
Clinical Manifestations 169
Neurological Manifestations 170
Pathogenesis and Neuropathology 171
Diagnosis 171
Treatment 171
References 172
Chapter 10 174
Retroviruses 174
Neurological Manifestations of HIV and HIV-Associated Infections 174
Introduction 174
Clinical Manifestations 175
Central Nervous System 175
Cryptococcal Meningitis 175
Neurosyphilis 178
Tuberculosis 179
Toxoplasmosis 179
Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy 180
Bacterial Brain Abscess 181
Viral Encephalitis 181
Herpes Simplex Virus 181
Varicella-Zoster Virus 181
Cytomegalovirus 182
Fungal Encephalitis 182
HIV Encephalopathy 182
Neuropathology of HIV-Related Encephalopathy 184
Diagnosis of HIV-Associated Encephalopathy 184
Spinal Cord 185
Acute Myelopathies 185
Peripheral Nervous System 185
Peripheral Neuropathy 185
Progressive Lumbosacral Polyradiculopathy 186
Mononeuropathy Multiplex 186
References 187
Chapter 11 190
Neurological Consequences of Antiretroviral Treatment 190
Antiretroviral Treatment 190
Introduction 190
Central and Peripheral Nervous System Abnormalities 190
Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) 192
In Utero Exposure to ARVs 193
Pediatric and Adolescent ARV Exposure 193
Pharmacokinetics of HAART and the CNS 193
Nucleoside/Nucleotide Analog Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors 194
New Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors 196
Protease Inhibitors 197
Fusion Inhibitors 197
Summary 198
References 198
Chapter 12 202
Papovaviruses 202
JC Virus and Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy 202
Introduction 202
Epidemiology 202
Pathogenesis 203
Clinical and Neurological Manifestations 204
Neuropathology 204
Diagnosis 205
Treatment 205
References 206
Chapter 13 210
Bacterial Meningitis 210
Bacterial Meningitis 210
Introduction 210
Epidemiology 210
Pathogenesis 211
Clinical and Neurological Manifestations 211
Neuropathology 212
Diagnosis 212
Treatment 213
Prognosis 213
References 214
Chapter 14 216
Focal Bacterial Infections and Parameningeal Infections 216
Focal Bacterial Infections/Parameningeal Infections 216
Brain Abscess 216
Introduction 216
Epidemiology 216
Pathogenesis 216
Clinical and Neurological Manifestations 217
Neuropathology 217
Diagnosis 218
Treatment 219
Prognosis 220
Subdural Empyema 220
Introduction 220
Clinical and Neurological Manifestations 221
Diagnosis 221
Treatment 222
Prognosis 222
Spinal Epidural Abscess 222
Introduction 222
Pathogenesis 223
Clinical and Neurological Manifestations 223
Diagnosis 223
Treatment 224
Prognosis 224
Cranial Epidural Abscess 224
Introduction 224
Clinical and Neurological Manifestations 224
Treatment 224
References 224
Chapter 15 226
Streptococcus pyogenes 226
Group A Streptococcus 226
Introduction 226
Acute Rheumatic Fever 226
Epidemiology 226
Pathogenesis 227
Clinical and Neurological Manifestations 227
Neuropathology 228
Diagnosis 228
Treatment 229
Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorder Associated with Streptococcus pyogenes (PANDAS) 229
References 229
Chapter 16 232
Bordetella pertussis 232
Pertussis 232
Introduction 232
Epidemiology 232
Pathogenesis 232
Clinical and Neurological Manifestations 233
Neurological Manifestations 233
Neuropathology 234
Diagnosis 234
Treatment 234
Prevention 235
References 235
Chapter 17 236
Shigella Species 236
Shigella Infection 236
Introduction 236
Epidemiology 236
Pathogenesis 236
Clinical Manifestations 237
Neurological Manifestations 237
Diagnosis 237
Treatment 237
Prognosis 238
References 238
Chapter 18 240
Campylobacter Species 240
Campylobacter Infection 240
Introduction 240
Epidemiology 240
Clinical Manifestations 240
Neurological Manifestations 241
Neuropathology 241
Diagnosis 241
Treatment 242
References 243
Chapter 19 244
Brucella Species 244
Brucella Infection 244
Introduction 244
Epidemiology 244
Pathogenesis 244
Clinical Manifestations 245
Neurological Manifestations 245
Neuropathology 245
Diagnosis 245
Treatment 246
Prognosis 246
References 246
Chapter 20 248
Clostridium tetani 248
Tetanus 248
Introduction 248
Pathogenesis 248
Clinical and Neurological Manifestations 249
Diagnosis 249
Treatment 250
Prognosis 250
Prevention 250
References 250
Chapter 21 252
Clostridium botulinum 252
Botulism 252
Introduction 252
Epidemiology 252
Pathogenesis 253
Clinical and Neurological Manifestations 253
Diagnosis 253
Treatment 254
Prognosis 254
References 255
Chapter 22 256
Corynebacterium diphtheriae 256
Diphtheria 256
Introduction 256
Pathogenesis 256
Clinical Manifestations 256
Neurological Manifestations 257
Neuropathology 257
Treatment 257
Prognosis 258
Prevention 258
References 258
Chapter 23 260
Bartonella Species 260
Cat Scratch Disease 260
Introduction 260
Epidemiology 260
Pathogenesis 260
Clinical Presentation 261
Neurological Manifestations 261
Encephalopathy 262
Neuroretinitis 264
Diagnosis 265
Treatment 265
Prevention 266
References 266
Chapter 24 268
Mycobacterium tuberculosis 268
Tuberculosis 268
Introduction 268
Epidemiology 268
Pathogenesis 268
Clinical Manifestations 269
Neurological Manifestations 269
Neuropathology 270
Diagnosis 270
Treatment 271
Prognosis 272
Prevention 272
References 272
Chapter 25 274
Mycobacterium leprae 274
Mycobacterium Leprosy 274
Introduction 274
Epidemiology 274
Pathogenesis 274
Clinical and Neurological Manifestations 275
Neuropathology 276
Diagnosis 276
Treatment 277
Prevention 277
References 277
Chapter 26 280
Rickettsia rickettsii 280
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever 280
Introduction 280
Epidemiology 280
Pathogenesis 280
Clinical Manifestations 281
Neurological Manifestations 282
Neuropathology 283
Diagnosis 283
Differential Diagnosis 284
Treatment 284
References 285
Chapter 27 288
Ehrlichia and Anaplasma Species 288
Ehrlichiosis and Anaplasmosis 288
Introduction 288
Epidemiology 288
Human Monocytotropic Ehrlichiosis 288
Human Granulocytotropic Anaplasmosis 289
Pathogenesis 289
Clinical Manifestations 289
Neurological Manifestations 290
Diagnosis 290
Treatment 291
References 291
Chapter 28 294
Borrelia burgdorferi 294
Lyme Disease 294
Introduction 294
Epidemiology 294
Pathogenesis 295
Clinical Manifestations 295
Neurological Manifestations 296
Headaches 296
Cranial Nerve Palsies 297
Lyme Meningitis 297
Pseudotumor Cerebri-Like Syndrome 297
Acute Painful Radiculoneuritics (Bannwarth’s Syndrome) 297
Other 298
Neuropathology 298
Diagnosis 298
Treatment 299
Prognosis 299
Prevention 300
References 301
Chapter 29 304
Treponema pallidum 304
Neurosyphilis 304
Introduction 304
Epidemiology 304
Pathophysiology 305
Clinical Manifestations 305
Neurological Manifestations 305
Neurosyphilis 305
Asymptomatic Neurosyphilis 306
Acute Syphilitic Meningitis 306
Meningovascular Syphilis 306
Tabes Dorsalis 307
Dementia Paralytica (General Paresis) 307
Gummatous Neurosyphilis 307
Congenital Syphilis 307
Neuropathology 308
Diagnosis 308
Treatment 309
References 311
Chapter 30 316
Candida Species 316
Candidiasis 316
Introduction and Epidemiology 316
Pathogenesis 316
Clinical and Neurological Manifestations 317
Diagnosis 317
Neuropathology 317
Treatment 317
References 318
Chapter 31 320
Cryptococcus neoformans 320
Cryptococcosis 320
Introduction and Epidemiology 320
Pathogenesis 320
Clinical and Neurological Manifestations 320
Diagnosis 321
Treatment 321
Prognosis 322
References 322
Chapter 32 324
Histoplasma capsulatum 324
Histoplasmosis 324
Introduction 324
Epidemiology 324
Pathogenesis 324
Clinical Manifestations 325
Neurological Manifestations 325
Neuropathology 326
Diagnosis 326
Treatment 326
Prognosis 327
References 327
Chapter 33 328
Coccidioides Species 328
Coccidioidomycosis 328
Introduction 328
Epidemiology 328
Pathogenesis 329
Clinical Manifestations 329
Neurological Manifestations 329
Neuropathology 329
Diagnosis 330
Treatment 330
References 331
Chapter 34 332
Phaeohyphomycoses 332
Cerebral Phaeohyphomycosis 332
Introduction and Epidemiology 332
Pathogenesis 332
Clinical and Neurological Manifestations 332
Diagnosis 333
Treatment 333
References 333
Chapter 35 336
Protozoal Infections 336
Protozoal Infections 336
Toxoplasmosis 336
Introduction 336
Epidemiology 336
Pathogenesis 337
Clinical Manifestations 337
Congenital Toxoplasmosis 337
Acquired Toxoplasmosis 337
Neurological Manifestations 338
Congenital Toxoplasmosis 338
Acquired Toxoplasmosis 339
Neuropathology 339
Diagnosis 339
Treatment 340
Congenital Toxoplasmosis 340
Acquired Toxoplasmosis 340
Malaria 340
Introduction 340
Epidemiology 341
Pathogenesis 341
Clinical Manifestations 341
Neurological Manifestations 342
Neuropathology 343
Diagnosis 343
Treatment 344
Amebiasis 345
Epidemiology 345
Pathogenesis 345
Clinical Manifestations 345
Neurological Manifestations 346
Neuropathology 346
Diagnosis 346
Treatment 346
Amebic Meningoencephalitis 347
Introduction 347
Epidemiology 347
Pathogenesis 347
Clinical Manifestations 348
Neurological Manifestations 348
Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis 348
Granulomatous Amebic Encephalitis 348
Neuropathology 349
Diagnosis 349
Treatment 349
Trypanosomiasis 350
Introduction 350
African Trypanosomiasis 350
Epidemiology 350
Pathogenesis 350
Clinical Manifestations 351
Neurological Manifestations 351
Diagnosis 351
Treatment 351
American Trypanosomiasis 352
Epidemiology 352
Pathogenesis 352
Clinical Manifestations 352
Neurological Manifestations 353
Neuropathology 353
Diagnosis 353
Treatment 354
References 354
Chapter 36 360
Babesia Species 360
Babesiosis 360
Introduction 360
Epidemiology 360
Pathogenesis 360
Clinical Manifestations 361
Neurological Manifestations 361
Diagnosis 361
Treatment 362
Prevention 362
References 362
Chapter 37 366
Helminth Infections 366
Introduction 366
General Considerations 366
Cestodes 369
Neurocysticercosis 369
Epidemiology 369
Pathogenesis 369
Clinical and Neurological Manifestations 370
Diagnosis 370
Treatment 371
Prevention 372
Coenurosis 372
Epidemiology 372
Pathogenesis 372
Clinical and Neurological Manifestations 372
Diagnosis 373
Treatment 373
Hydatid Disease (Echinococcosis) 373
Epidemiology 373
Pathogenesis 373
Clinical and Neurological Manifestations 374
Diagnosis 374
Treatment 374
Prevention 374
Other 375
Sparganosis 375
Epidemiology 375
Pathogenesis 375
Clinical and Neurological Manifestations 375
Diagnosis 376
Treatment 376
Nematodes 376
Angiostrongyliasis 376
Epidemiology 376
Pathogenesis 376
Clinical and Neurological Manifestations 377
Diagnosis 377
Treatment 377
Toxocariasis 377
Epidemiology 377
Pathogenesis 378
Clinical and Neurological Manifestations 378
Diagnosis 378
Treatment 378
Prevention 378
Baylisascariasis 379
Epidemiology 379
Pathogenesis 379
Clinical and Neurological Manifestations 379
Diagnosis 380
Treatment 381
Prevention 381
Trichinosis 381
Epidemiology 381
Pathogenesis 381
Clinical and Neurological Manifestations 381
Diagnosis 382
Treatment 382
Prevention 382
Strongyloidiasis 382
Epidemiology 382
Pathogenesis 382
Clinical and Neurological Manifestations 383
Diagnosis 383
Treatment 383
Gnathostomiasis 384
Epidemiology 384
Pathogenesis 384
Clinical and Neurological Manifestations 384
Diagnosis 385
Treatment 385
Trematodes 385
Schistosomiasis 385
Epidemiology 385
Pathogenesis 386
Clinical and Neurological Manifestations 386
Diagnosis 387
Treatment 387
Prevention 388
Paragonimiasis 388
Epidemiology 388
Pathogenesis 388
Clinical and Neurological Manifestations 388
Diagnosis 389
Treatment 389
Prevention 389
References 389
Chapter 38 396
Neurological Disease and Primary Immunodeficiency 396
Primary Immunodeficiencies 396
Introduction 396
Ataxia–Telangiectasia Syndrome 396
Introduction 396
Epidemiology 398
Pathogenesis 398
Clinical Manifestations 398
Neurological Manifestations 400
Neuropathology 401
Diagnosis 401
Treatment 401
Prevention 402
Nijmegen Breakage Syndrome 402
Introduction 402
Epidemiology 402
Clinical Manifestations 402
Neurological Manifestations 403
Diagnosis 403
Treatment 403
Prevention 403
X-Linked Agammaglobulinemia 404
Introduction 404
Clinical Manifestations 404
Neurological Manifestations 404
Diagnosis 405
Treatment 405
Chronic Granulomatous Disease 405
Introduction 405
Epidemiology 405
Clinical Manifestations 406
Neurological Manifestations 406
Treatment 406
Chédiak–Higashi Syndrome 406
Introduction 406
Pathogenesis 407
Clinical Manifestations 407
Neurological Manifestations 407
Diagnosis 408
Treatment 408
Griscelli Syndrome 408
Introduction 408
Clinical Manifestations 408
Diagnosis 409
Treatment 409
Purine Phosphorylase Deficiency 409
Introduction 409
Clinical Manifestations 409
Neurological Manifestations 409
Diagnosis 410
Treatment 410
Prognosis 410
References 410
Chapter 39 418
Basic Principles of Selective Neurological Treatments 418
Basic Principles of Selective Neurological Treatments 418
Supportive Care 418
Vital signs 418
Neurological vital signs 419
General care 420
Seizures [4–12] 421
Raised Intracranial Pressure 423
References 425
Index 428