Combined Scintigraphic and Radiographic Diagnosis of Bone and Joint Diseases (eBook)

Foreword to the third edition 6
Preface to the third edition 7
Acknowledgement 9
Contents 10
1 Introduction and Fundamentals of Pinhole Scintigraphy 18
1.1 A History of Nuclear Bone Imaging 21
1.2 Histology and Physiology of Bone 23
1.3 Mechanism of Bone Adsorption of 99mTc-Radiopharmaceuticals 24
1.4 Bone Imaging Radiopharmaceuticals 24
1.5 Bone Marrow Scan Radiopharmaceuticals 25
1.6 Fundamentals of Pinhole Scintigraphy 25
1.7 Rationale and Techniques of Pinhole Scintigraphy 27
References 30
2 Dual-Head Planar Pinhole Scintigraphy and Pinhole SPECT of Bone 32
2.1 Dual-Head Planar Pinhole Scintigraphy 32
2.2 Pinhole SPECT of Bone 34
References 41
3 Clinical Applications 42
3.1 Abnormal Bone Scan 44
3.2 Altered Biodistribution of Radiopharmaceutical 45
References 45
4 Normal Pinhole Scintigraphic Anatomy of Bone and Joint 46
4.1 Skull and Face 46
4.2 Neck 49
4.3 Thoracic Cage 51
4.4 Shoulder 52
4.5 Thoracic and Lumbar Spine 53
4.6 Sacrum and Sacroiliac Joints 57
4.7 Pelvis and Hip 58
4.8 Limbs 62
References 68
5 Normal Variants and Artifacts 69
5.1 Normal Variants 69
5.2 Artifacts 83
References 87
6 Infective and Inflammatory Diseases of Bone 89
6.1 Acute Osteomyelitis 89
6.2 Subacute and Chronic Osteomyelitis 93
6.3 Acute and Chronic Infective Osteitis and Cortical Abscess 99
6.4 Acute Infective Periostitis 102
6.5 Special Forms of Osteomyelitis 102
6.6 Tuberculosis of Bone 111
6.7 111In- and 99mTc-Leukocyte and 67Ga Citrate Scintigraphy in Skeletal Infections 115
References 118
7 Noninfective Osteitides 119
7.1 Osteitis Condensans Ilii 119
7.2 Osteitis Pubis 121
7.3 Condensing Osteitis of the Clavicle 122
7.4 Sternocostoclavicular Hyperostosis 124
7.5 Infantile Cortical Hyperostosis ( Caffey’s Disease) 127
7.6 Osteitis Deformans ( Paget’sDisease of Bone) 127
7.7 Odontogenous Osteitis of the Mandible ( Periapical Abscess) 127
7.8 Radiation Osteitis ( Osteonecrosis) 129
References 131
8 Diseases of Joints and Soft- Tissue Infections 132
8.1 Sterile and Sympathetic Arthritis 134
8.2 Infective Arthritis 140
8.3 Soft- Tissue Infections 150
References 153
9 Degenerative Joint Diseases 154
9.1 Sacroiliac Joint 159
9.2 Hip 160
9.3 Knee 161
9.4 Patella 164
9.5 Ankle and Tarsal Joints 166
9.6 Shoulder 168
9.7 Sternum 171
9.8 Elbow 172
9.9 Wrist and Carpal Joints 174
9.10 Spine 177
9.11 Other Common Sites of Osteoarthritis 184
9.12 Generalized Osteoarthritis 186
9.13 Degeneration-Related Disorders of the Spine 188
References 196
10 Rheumatoid Arthritis 198
10.1 Hand (Fingers) 202
10.2 Wrist 204
10.3 Elbow 207
10.4 Shoulder 208
10.5 Sternum 211
10.6 Foot 213
10.7 Ankle and Tarsus 213
10.8 Knee 216
10.9 Hip 218
10.10 Sacroiliac Joint 220
10.11 Spine 220
10.12 Temporomandibular Joint 222
10.13 Insufficiency Fracture in Rheumatoid Arthritis 225
10.14 Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis 225
10.15 Nuclear Angiography in Rheumatoid Arthritis 227
10.16 Molecular Imaging in Rheumatoid Arthritis 228
10.17 99mTc-FDG PET-CT in Rheumatoid Arthritis 228
References 230
11 Seronegative Spondyloarthropathies 231
11.1 Ankylosing Spondylitis 232
11.2 Reiter’s Syndrome 237
11.3 Psoriatic Arthritis 245
11.4 Enteropathic Arthropathies 248
References 249
12 Other Rheumatic Osteoarthropathies and Soft- Tissue Rheumatism Syndromes 250
12.1 Sjögren’s Syndrome 252
12.2 Behçet’s Syndrome 252
12.3 Systemic Lupus Erythematosus 256
12.4 Gouty Arthritis 258
12.5 Charcot’s Joint or Neuroarthropathy 263
12.6 Secondary Hypertrophic Osteoarthropathy 263
12.7 Periarticular Soft- Tissue Rheumatism Syndromes 265
12.8 Muscular and Musculotendinous Rheumatism Syndromes 274
References 283
13 Osteochondroses and Related Diseases 284
13.1 Legg- Calvé-Perthes Disease ( Capital Femoral Epiphysis) 284
13.2 Friedrich’s Disease ( Medial Clavicular End) 286
13.3 Freiberg’s Infraction ( Metatarsal Head) 287
13.4 Osteonecrosis of the First Metatarsal Sesamoid 288
13.5 Scheuermann’s Disease ( Vertebral Secondary Ossification Center) 289
13.6 Sever’s Disease ( Calcaneal Apophysis) 289
13.7 Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis 292
13.8 Osteochondritis Dissecans 293
13.9 Tietze’s Disease 295
References 296
14 Vascular Bone Disorders 298
14.1 Avascular Osteonecrosis and Bone Infarction 298
14.2 Avascular Necrosis in Chronic Alcoholism 300
14.3 Vascularity-Related Osteoporosis 303
14.4 Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy 305
14.5 Transient Regional Osteoporosis 309
14.6 Transient Osteoporosis with Bone Marrow Edema 310
14.7 Transient Indolent Bone Tracer Uptake 311
14.8 Periostitis in Vascular Insufficiency 312
References 314
15 Metabolic Bone Diseases and Drug-Induced Osteoporosis 315
15.1 Involutional Osteoporosis 317
15.2 Disuse and Immobilization Osteoporosis 319
15.3 Osteodystrophy Associated with Hyperparathyroidism and Brown Tumor 321
15.4 Drug-Induced Osteoporosis 324
15.5 Rickets and Osteomalacia 326
References 329
16 Traumatic, Surgical, and Sports Injuries of the Skeleton 330
16.1 Bone Fractures 330
16.2 Joint Sprain 333
16.3 Bone Contusion ( Occult Intraosseous Fracture) 339
16.4 Stress Fractures and Related Peri- and Endosteal Reaction 341
16.5 Surgical Bone Injuries 344
16.6 Postreduction Changes of Joint Subluxation and Dislocation 345
16.7 Arthroplasties and Fixation Devices 348
16.8 Healing of Bone Fracture 350
16.9 Assessment of Vascularized Bone Grafts 354
16.10 Complications of Traumatic Bone Injuries 356
16.11 Sports Injuries to Bone 360
16.12 Sports and Traumatic Injuries to Soft- Tissue Structures 362
References 368
17 Malignant Tumors of Bone 370
17.1 Metastasis 370
17.2 Primary Malignant Bone Tumors 391
17.3 Leukemias and Lymphomas 408
17.4 Chordoma 410
17.5 Periosteal Leiomyosarcoma 411
References 412
18 Benign Tumors and Tumorous Conditions of Bone 415
18.1 Benign Bone Tumors 415
18.2 Tumorous Conditions of Bone 441
References 462
19 Soft-tissue Tumors and Tumor-like Conditions 466
References 476
20 Otorhinological Disorders 477
20.1 Rhinosinusitis and Mucocele 477
20.2 Granulomatous and Similar Diseases 480
20.3 Maxillary Sinus Carcinoma 480
20.4 Malignant Tumors of the Nasal Cavity 482
20.5 Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma 484
20.6 Inflammatory Diseases of the Mastoidal Bones 487
References 489
21 PET- CT in Bone and Joint Diseases 491
21.1 Tumors 492
21.2 Infectious Diseases 501
21.3 Rheumatoid Arthritis 503
21.4 Fractures 504
References 504
22 A Genetic Consideration of Skeletal Disorders 507
22.1 Essential Bioanatomy of the Musculoskeletal System 510
22.2 99mTc-MDP Bone ScintigraphicTechniques 510
22.3 99mTc-MDP Bone Scintigraphy in Autosomal and Polygenic Bone Disorders 510
22.4 Other HLA-associated Skeletal Disorders 515
22.5 Non-genetic Skeletal Disorders 518
References 519
Appendix: Basic Physics of Pinhole Scintigraphy 520
A.1 Factors Affecting Scintigraphic Imaging 520
A.2 Effects of Pinhole Collimator Design 524
A.3 Technical Factors of Pinhole Scintigraphy 527
References 530
Subject Index 531