Applied Pathology for Ophthalmic Microsurgeons (eBook)

Preface 6
Interaction of Pathology and Ophthalmic Microsurgery 6
Acknowledgements 9
Condensed Table of Contents 10
Contents 12
List of Contributors 22
List of Abbreviations 23
Introduction 24
1.1 Ophthalmic Pathology in Clinical Practice, Teaching and Research 24
1.2 Historical Sketch of Ophthalmic Surgery from Antiquity to Modern Times 25
1.3 Overview of Advances in Ophthalmic Pathology in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries 27
References (see also page 379) 29
General Ophthalmic Pathology: Principal Indications and Complications, Comparing Intra- and Extraocular Surgery 30
2.1 Principal Indications: Clinico-pathologic Correlation 30
2.2 Intraocular Compared with Extraocular Surgery: Distinguishing Features and Potential Complications 34
2.3 Choice of Anesthesia and Knowledge of Ophthalmic Pathology 47
2.4 Instrumentation and Physical Principles Are not the Subject of Our Book 49
References (see also page 379) 50
Surgical Anatomy and Pathology in Surgery of the Eyelids, Lacrimal System, Orbit and Conjunctiva 52
3.1 Eyelids 53
3.1.1 Surgical Anatomy 53
3.1.2 Surgical Pathology 56
References (see also page 379) 67
3.2 Lacrimal Drainage System 68
3.2.1 Surgical Anatomy 68
3.2.2 Surgical Pathology 69
3.2.3 Principles of Lacrimal Surgery 70
References (see also page 379) 71
3.3 Orbit 72
3.3.1 Surgical Anatomy 72
3.3.2 Surgical Pathology 73
3.3.3 Principles of Orbital Surgery 87
References (see also page 379) 89
3.4 Conjunctiva and Limbus Corneae 90
3.4.1 Introduction 90
3.4.2Surgical Anatomy, Landmarks, Nerve Supply,and Vascular Supply with Blood Vessels andLymphatics, Including Regional Lymph Nodesand Aqueous Episcleral Veins 90
3.4.3 Surgical Pathology 92
3.4.4 Indications for Smear Cytology, Incisional or Excisional Biopsies, Autologous or Homologous Transplantation, Radiation, and Local and Systemic Chemotherapy 97
3.4.5 Wound Healing: Influence of Basic Disease and Adjunct Therapy ( Radiation, Chemotherapy) 98
References (see also page 379) 98
General Pathology for Intraocular Microsurgery: Direct Wounds and Indirect Distant Effects 99
4.1. Access into the Eye: Principal Options and Anterior Segment Trauma 99
4.2 Obvious and Potential Compartments of the Intraocular Space ( Table 4.3) ( Fig. 4.7) 113
4.3 Variants of Intraocular Microsurgery 113
4.4 Microsurgical Manipulations in the Anterior Chamber: Critical Structure and Vulnerable Cell Populations 115
4.5 Surgical Manipulation in the Vitreous Cavity: Critical Structures and Vulnerable Cell Populations 116
4.6 Role of the Size of the Eye 117
4.7 Wound Healing After Intraocular Microsurgeryand Trauma 117
References (see also page 379) 119
Special Anatomy and Pathology in Intraocular Microsurgery 120
5.1 Cornea and Limbus 120
5.1.1 Surgical Anatomy of the Cornea and Limbus 120
5.1.2 Surgical Pathology of the Cornea 133
5.1.3 Surgical Procedures 144
5.1.4 Wound Healing 149
References 151
5.2 Glaucoma Surgery 154
5.2.1 Principal Aspects of Glaucomas and Their Terminology 154
5.2.2 Surgical Anatomy 154
5.2.3 Surgical Pathology 159
5.2.4 Indications and Contraindications for Microsurgery of Glaucomas 166
5.2.5 Complications with Excessive and Deficient Wound Healing 172
References (see also p. 379) 174
5.3 Iris 175
5.3.1 Surgical Anatomy 176
5.3.2 Surgical Pathology 179
5.3.3 Indications for Surgical Procedures Involving the Iris 192
5.3.4 Wound Healing and Complications of Procedures Involving the Iris 195
References (see also page 379) 198
5.4 Ciliary Body 199
5.4.1 Surgical Anatomy 201
5.4.2 Surgical Pathology 205
5.4.3 Indications for Procedures Involving the Ciliary Body 216
5.4.4 Wound Healing and Complications After Procedures Involving the Ciliary Body 238
References 239
5.5 Lens and Zonular Fibers 240
5.5.1 Key Features of the Lens 240
5.5.2 Basic Aspects of Intraocular Anatomy for Microsurgery of the Lens 242
5.5.3 Surgical Anatomy of the Lens 243
5.5.4 Aging Changes 249
5.5.5 Surgical Pathology of the Lens 252
5.5.6 Basic Aspects of Cataract Surgery 267
5.5.7 Complications After Cataract Surgery and Wound Healing 269
References (see also page 379) 275
5.6 Retina and Vitreous 278
5.6.1 Surgical Anatomy 278
5.6.2 Surgical Pathology 283
5.6.3 Principal Indications 325
5.6.4 Wound Healing and Complications of Therapy 337
References 343
5.7 Optic Nerve and Elschnig’s Scleral Ring 358
5.7.1 Anatomy, Landmarks, Harmless and Other Anomalies, Age Related Changes, Juxtapapillary Coni 358
5.7.2 Surgical Pathology and Indications for Microsurgery 362
5.7.3 Wound Healing and Complications 370
References (see also page 379) 371
Influence of Common Generalized Diseases on Intraocular Microsurgery 373
6.1 Diabetes Mellitus 374
6.1.1 Diabetic Retinopathy 374
6.1.2 Diabetic Iridopathy 374
6.1.3 Recurrent Corneal Erosions 374
6.1.4 Cataracts 374
6.1.5 Risk of Infection 375
6.2 Arterial Hypertension and “ Vis A Tergo” 376
6.3 Pseudoexfoliation Syndrome: Pathological Manifestations of Relevance to Intraocular Surgery 377
6.3.1 Introduction 377
6.3.2 Pathobiology of PEX Syndrome 378
6.3.3 Clinical Diagnosis and Early Recognition 380
6.3.4 Surgical Pathology 383
6.3.5 Microsurgical Considerations 397
6.3.6 Conclusions 398
References 398
6.4 Other Generalized Diseases 401
6.4.1 Infectious Disorders (AIDS, Sepsis) 401
6.4.2 Hematologic Disorders 401
6.4.3 Neurologic and Muscular Diseases 401
References (see also page 379) 401
General References 402
List of Figures 404
List of Tables 410
Subject Index 413