Orbital Tumors (eBook)

Contents 8
Preface 5
Acknowledgments 7
Contributors 11
Part One Current Concepts of Oncogenesis 14
1 Molecular Models of Cancer Development --- Domenico Mastrangelo 15
HISTORICAL OVERVIEW 15
ONCOGENES 16
TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES 16
DNA MUTATIONS AND CANCER 19
NEW PERSPECTIVES ON DNA MUTATIONS 19
RELEVANCE OF MS ITO ORBITAL TUMORS 20
EPIGENOMICS: DNA METHYLATION AND HISTONE ACETYLATION 21
DO MUTATIONS MATTER IN CANCER? 23
2 Immune Surveillance and Cancer Pathogenesis --- Domenico Mastrangelo 26
IMMUNOLOGICAL RESPONSE TO CANCER 26
AGING AND ONCOGENESIS 29
VIRUSES AND ONCOGENESIS 32
IONIZING RADIATION, CHEMICALS, AND CANCER 34
RELEVANCE OF IMMUNOLOGICAL RESPONSE TO ORBITAL TUMORS 36
3 The Changing Nature and Behavior of Orbital and Periorbital Tumors --- Alan A. McNab 39
CHANGES IN THE INCIDENCE OF ORBITAL DISEASES OVER TIME 39
IMMUNOSUPPRESSION AND CANCER 39
IMMUNOSUPPRESSION AND INFECTION 41
OTHER VIRUS-ASSOCIATED NEOPLASMS OF THE ORBIT AND OCULAR ADNEXA 42
CONCLUSIONS 43
4 Mechanisms of Tumor Metastasis in the Orbit --- J. Oscar Croxatto 46
CONCEPT OF METASTASIS 46
INVASION AND METASTASIS 46
DISSEMINATION AND METASTASES 46
TUMOR CELLS AND STROMAL INTERACTIONS 47
ORBITAL METASTASIS 48
METASTATIC DISEASE IN THE ORBIT 50
METASTASTIC DISEASE FROM PRIMARY ORBITAL TUMORS 51
CONCLUSIONS 51
5 Multiple Malignancies in Retinoblastoma ---- Zeynel A. Karcioglu 53
STUDIES OF THE GENE FOR Rb 53
TYPES OF SECOND MALIGNANCY 54
ROLE OF EBRT IN SECOND MALIGNANCIES 56
MANAGEMENT OF SECOND MALIGNANCIES 57
CONCLUSIONS 57
Part Two Diagnosis of Orbital Tumors 60
6 Clinical Evaluation of the Orbit --- Zeynel A. Karcioglu 61
HISTORY 61
OCULAR EXAMINATION 61
ORBITAL EXAMINATION 63
7 Neuro-Ophthalmologic Evaluation of the Orbit --- Andrew G. Lee 71
HISTORY 71
EXAMINATION 72
ORBITAL IMAGING 75
SYSTEMIC DISORDERS THAT MAY AFFECT THE ORBIT 76
ORBITAL EXTENSION OF INTRACRANIAL DISEASE 76
CONCLUSIONS 80
8 Ultrasonography in Orbital Differential Diagnosis --- Amin M. Nasr and Grace Abou Chacra 83
ASSESSMENT OF ORBITAL LESIONS 83
ASSESSMENT OF THICKENING OF EXTRAOCULAR MUSCLES 89
OPTIC NERVE ASSESSMENT 90
LACRIMAL GLAND LESIONS 91
9 The Basics of Orbital Imaging Paul Rosel 94
COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY 94
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING 96
10 Imaging in Orbital Differential Diagnosis --- Patrick De Potter 104
LESION APPEARANCE 104
LOCALIZATION 104
CONTRAST ENHANCEMENT 104
BONE EVALUATION 105
DETECTION OF CALCIFICATION 106
RADIOLOGICAL DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS 106
CONCLUSIONS 112
11 New Concepts in Orbital Imaging --- Michael D. Abramoff 114
A DIAGNOSTIC PARADIGM 114
STATE OF THE ART OF ORBITAL TUMOR IMAGING 114
NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN IMAGING 115
CONCLUSIONS 120
12 Orbital Biopsy --- Zeynel A. Karcioglu and Luis E. Remus III 123
EXCISIONAL BIOPSY 123
INCISIONAL BIOPSY 123
CORE BIOPSY 124
FINE-NEEDLE ASPIRATION BIOPSY 125
INTRAOPERATIVE BIOPSY(FROZEN SECTION) 128
SENTINEL NODE BIOPSY 131
METHODS USED IN TISSUE DIAGNOSIS 132
Part Three Primary Tumors of the Orbit 140
13 Orbital Lymphoma --- Bita Esmaeli and Misha Faustina 141
CLINICAL FEATURES 141
MORPHOLOGIC FEATURES 141
CLASSIFICATIO 142
INVESTIGATION 142
MANAGEMENT 144
14 Vascular Tumors --- Kaan Gündüz and Zeynel A. Karcioglu 149
CAVERNOUS HEMANGIOMA 149
CAPILLARY HEMANGIOMA 152
YMPHANGIOMA 156
ORBITAL VARIX 159
HEMANGIOPERICYTOMA 160
ANGIOSARCOMA 162
INTRAVASCULAR PAPILLARY ENDOTHELIAL HYPERPLASIA 163
ARTERIOVENOUS FISTULAS AND MALFORMATIONS 164
LEIOMYOMA 167
ANGIOLYMPHOID HYPERPLASIA WITH EOSINOPHILIA AND KIMURA DISEASE 167
15 Fibrohistiocytic Tumors --- Zeynel A. Karcioglu 171
FIBROMATOSES 171
HISTIOCYTOSES 174
16 Fibro-osseous and Cartilaginous Tumors and Tumorlike Conditions --- Zeynel A. Karcioglu 182
BONE-FORMING LESIONS 182
CARTILAGE-FORMING LESIONS 185
FIBRO-OSSEOUS LESIONS 186
FIBROUS LESIONS 188
GIANT CELL-RICH LESIONS 188
CYSTIC LESIONS 190
17 Peripheral Nerve Tumors --- Kaan Gündüz 195
SCHWANNOMA (NEURILEMOMA) 195
NEUROFIBROMA 197
MALIGNANT PERIPHERAL NERVE SHEATH TUMOR 200
GRANULAR CELL TUMOR 202
ALVEOLAR SOFT PART SARCOMA 203
AMPUTATION NEUROMA 204
MELANOTIC NEUROECTODERMAL TUMOR OF INFANCY 205
PRIMARY ORBITAL NEUROBLASTOMA 205
PRIMARY ORBITAL CARCINOID TUMOR 206
NEUROFIBROMATOSIS 206
18 Lacrimal Gland Tumors --- Yoon-Duck Kim 212
DACRYOPS (LACRIMAL DUCTAL CYSTS) 213
PLEOMORPHIC ADENOMA (BENIGN MIXED TUMOR) 214
MALIGNANT MIXED TUMOR 219
ADENOID CYSTIC CARCINOMA 220
ADENOCARCINOMA 224
MUCOEPIDERMOID CARCINOMA 224
OTHER TUMORS 224
19 Tumors of the Lacrimal Drainage System ---- Jeffrey J. Hurwitz 229
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF MASSES IN THE LACRIMAL SAC FOSSA REGION1 229
LACRIMAL SAC TUMOR PRESENTATION 229
INVESTIGATION 230
CONCLUSIONS 235
Part Four Secondary Tumors of the Adult Orbit 239
20 Eyelid and Periocular Skin Tumors --- Georgina Kourt and Peter Martin 240
BASAL CELL CARCINOMA 240
SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA 244
SEBACEOUS GLAND CARCINOMA 246
MELANOMA 248
THE SYDNEY EYE HOSPITAL EXPERIENCE 250
CONCLUSIONS 250
21 Conjunctival Tumors --- Zeynel A. Karcioglu 252
SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA 252
CONJUNCTIVAL MELANOMA 256
22 Ocular Tumors --- Zeynel A. Karcioglu and Doris Hadjistilianou 264
RETINOBLASTOMA 264
CHOROIDAL MELANOMA 267
23 Tumors of the Cranial and Nasal Cavities and Paranasal Sinuses --- Zeynel A. Karcioglu 273
SECONDARY ORBITAL TUMOR SORIGINATING FROM THE SINONASAL TRACT 273
SECONDARY ORBITAL TUMORS ORIGINATING FROM THE CRANIUM 279
24 Metastatic Tumors --- J. Oscar Croxatto and Zeynel A. Karcioglu 286
INCIDENCE AND EPIDEMIOLOGY 286
CLINICAL FINDINGS 286
DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES 288
MANAGEMENT AND PROGNOSIS 289
ORIGINS OF METASTASES TO ORBIT 290
Part Five Pediatric Orbital Tumors and Pseudotumors 297
25 Benign Pediatric Tumors --- Zeynel A. Karcioglu and Johan Zwaan 298
DERMOID 298
DERMOLIPOMA 301
TERATOMA 302
MASS LESIONS SECONDARY TO ORBITOCRANIAL MALDEVELOPMENTS 303
CONGENITAL CYSTS 305
OTHER CYSTS 306
26 Malignant Pediatric Tumors --- Doris Hadjistilianou and Zeynel A. Karcioglu 309
PRIMARY TUMORS 309
SECONDARY AND METASTATIC TUMORS 316
Part Six Tumorlike Conditions in the Orbit 320
27 Orbital Inflammation and Infection Versus Neoplasia --- Antonio Augusto V. Cruz 321
INFLAMMATION MIMICKING NEOPLASIA 321
NEOPLASIA MIMICKING INFLAMMATION 325
“MALIGNANT” INFECTIONS 327
CONCLUSIONS 329
28 Graves Disease --- Daniel Weil and Guillermo A. Fridrich 332
PATHOGENESIS 332
SYSTEMIC CLINICAL FEATURES 332
ORBITAL HISTOPATHOLOGY 333
ORBITAL CLINICAL FEATURES 333
RADIOLOGIC FEATURES 335
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS 336
MANAGEMENT AND PROGNOSIS 337
29 Mass-Forming Inflammatory Lesions of the Orbit --- Zeynel A. Karcioglu 339
INFECTIONS 339
NONSPECIFIC INFLAMMATIONS 342
SPECIFIC INFLAMMATIONS 347
Part Seven Management of Orbital Tumors 355
30 Staging of Orbital Tumors --- Zeynel A. Karcioglu and Barrett G. Haik 356
31 Surgical Treatment --- Zeynel A. Karcioglu 362
PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION 362
SURGICAL PLANNING AND PREPARATION 363
GENERAL SURGICAL CONCEPTS 363
INCISION 364
CORRELATION OF SURGICAL PROCEDURES WITH ANATOMY 367
SURGICAL PROCEDURES 368
COMPLICATIONS 388
32 Computer Image Guidance and Skull-Base Strategies --- Christopher R. Mascott and Zeynel A. Karcioglu 394
COMPUTER IMAGE GUIDANCE 394
TECHNIQUES AND SETUP 395
WHY USE IMAGE GUIDANCE IN ORBITAL TUMORS? 395
IMAGE FUSION FOR ORBITAL TUMORS 396
EXTENDED CRANIOTOMY APPROACHES AND THE ORBIT 398
RADIOSURGERy 399
BIOPSIES AND MINIMALLY INVASIVE APPROACHES 400
CONCLUSIONS 400
33 Radiation Treatment --- Paul T. Finger 401
TECHNIQUES 401
ORBITAL DISEASES 401
INTRAOCULAR TUMORSTHAT REQUIRE ORBITAL RADIATION THERAPY 405
SIDE EFFECTS OF ORBITAL RADIATION THERAPY 406
NEW FRONTIERS IN ORBITAL RADIATION THERAPY 408
CONCLUSIONS 409
34 Chemotherapy for Childhood Tumors --- Marta K. Rozans 413
TREATMENT OF CHILDREN 413
PRIMARY MALIGNANT ORBITAL TUMORS 413
MALIGNANT TUMORS WITH DISTANT ORBIT METASTASES 416
MALIGNANT TUMORS WITH SECONDARY INVASION OF THE ORBIT 418
NONMALIGNANT TUMORS 420
CONCLUSIONS 421
35 Chemotherapy for Adult Tumors ---- Matthew W. Wilson and Carlos Galindo-Rodriquez 425
INFLAMMATORY AND LYMPHOPROLIFERATIVE DISORDERS 425
PRIMARY ORBITAL MALIGNANCY 427
SECONDARY ORBITAL MALIGNANCY 428
METASTASES 429
SIDE EFFECTS OF CHEMOTHERAPY 429
Index 436