Human and Animal Relationships (eBook)

Series Preface 8
Addendum to the Series Preface 11
Volume Preface to the Second Edition 12
Volume Preface to the First Edition 14
Contents 15
List of Contributors 17
Pathogens 20
1 Trichomycetes and the Arthropod Gut 21
I. Introduction 21
II. Effects of Gut Fungi on Arthropods 26
III. Effects of Arthropods on Gut Fungi 30
IV. Physiology of Trichomycetes In Vitro 33
V. Conclusions 35
References 36
2 Opportunistic Mold Infections 38
I. Introduction 38
II. Aspergillosis 38
III. Mucormycosis 42
IV. Infections Caused by Fusarium spp. 44
V. Infections Caused by Pseudallescheria boydii 44
VI. Dematiaceous Molds 45
VII. Rare Agents 45
VIII. Conclusions 45
References 46
3 Entomopathogenic Fungi: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 50
I. Introduction 50
II. Life Cycle and Mass Culturing 50
III. Biochemical Aspects of Disease Development 52
IV. Physico-Chemical Aspects of Disease Development 59
V. Genetics and Molecular Biology of Disease Development 65
VI. Conclusions and Perspectives 69
References 70
4 Physiology and Metabolic Requirements of Pathogenic Fungi 79
I. Introduction 79
II. Impact of Phospholipases on Membrane Destruction 80
III. Fatty Acid Metabolism and the Glyoxylate Cycle 83
IV. Impact of Proteases and Peptidases on Virulence 87
V. Role of Carbohydrate and Nitrogen Metabolism in the Virulence of Pathogenic Fungi 92
VI. Conclusion 94
References 95
5 CO2-Sensing and Virulence of Candida albicans 99
I. Introduction 99
II. CO 100
Sensing and Signalling 100
III. Chemosensing of CO 102
Bicarbonate 102
IV. Signalling Pathways Involving Adenylyl Cyclase 103
V. Potential CO 106
Transporters or Receptors 106
VI. Integration of Sensing and Metabolism 107
VII. Conclusions 107
References 107
6 Hyphal Growth and Virulence in Candida albicans 111
I. Introduction 111
II. Comparison of Yeast and Hyphal Growth 111
III. Signal Transduction Pathways Leading to Hyphal Growth 118
IV. Role of Hyphal Growth as a Virulence Factor 123
V. Conclusions 125
References 126
7 Pathogenicity of Malassezia Yeasts 131
I. Introduction – Historical and Current Taxonomy 131
II. Phylogeny and Identification 132
III. Epidemiology in Man and in Animals 134
IV. Physiology and Biochemistry 135
V. Host–Pathogen Interactions 143
VI. Malassezia Yeasts in Human and Animal Disease 150
VII. Conclusion 156
References 157
Techniques 168
8 Proteomics and its Application to the Human-Pathogenic Fungi Aspergillus fumigatus and Candida albicans 169
I. Introduction 169
II. Methods of Proteome Analysis 171
III. 2D Gel Electrophoresis 171
IV. Gel-Independent Techniques 177
V. Sample Fractionation to Identify Low- Abundant Proteins 179
VI. Standard Development 181
VII. Proteomics of Human-Pathogenic Fungi 182
VIII. Conclusion: Towards Integrative Analysis – Systems Biology 191
References 191
9 Transcriptomics of the Fungal Pathogens, Focusing on Candida albicans 201
I. Introduction 201
II. Transcriptomics of Fungal Pathogens 207
III. Transcriptomics of Candida albicans 208
IV. Conclusions 231
References 232
Host 237
10 Yeast Infections in Immunocompromised Hosts 238
I. Introduction 238
II. Candidiasis 238
III. Cryptococcosis 240
IV. Infections due to Trichosporon 241
V. Infections due to Blastoschizomyces capitatus 242
VI. Infections due to Malassezia spp. VII. Infections due to Dematiaceous yeasts 243
VIII. Conclusions 243
References 244
11 The Host Innate Immune Response to Pathogenic Candida albicans and Other Fungal Pathogens 246
I. Introduction 246
II. Host Innate Immune Response 247
III. Coagulation Cascade and Plasminogen Binding to Pathogenic Yeast 251
IV. Macrophage Response to Pathogenic Fungi 251
V. Conclusions 253
References 254
12 Toll-Like Receptors and Fungal Recognition 256
I. Introduction II. The Innate Immune Response 256
III. The Family of Toll-Like Receptors 258
IV. The Role of Non-TLR Pattern Recognition Receptors in Antifungal Immune Responses 260
V. Relevance of Distinct TLRs in the Immune Responses to Different Fungi 261
VI. Summary and Outlook 269
References 270
13 Clinical Aspects of Dermatophyte Infections 275
I. Introduction 275
II. Dermatophytes 275
III. Dermatophytoses 279
IV. Epidemiology 286
V. Treatment 290
VI. Conclusions 291
References 293
Biosystematic Index 299
Subject Index 302