Brain Edema XIII (eBook)

Preface 6
Acknowledgments 7
Brain Edema XIII 7
Intracerebral Hemorrhage Conference 7
Contents 8
Human Brain Injury 15
Surgical management of early massive edema caused by cerebral contusion in head trauma patients 16
Introduction 16
Materials and methods 16
Results 17
Discussion 17
Conclusion 18
References 19
BrainIT: a trans-national head injury monitoring research network 20
Introduction 20
Materials and methods 21
Conclusion 22
Results 22
References 23
Decompressive craniectomy in traumatic brain injury: outcome following protocol-driven therapy 24
Introduction 24
Materials and methods 24
Results 26
Discussion 27
Acknowledgments 28
References 28
Decompressive craniectomy in traumatic brain injury: the randomized multicenter RESCUEicp study (www.RESCUEicp.com) 30
Introduction 30
Methodology 31
Acknowledgments 33
References 33
Conclusion 33
Cerebral hemisphere asymmetry in cerebrovascular regulation in ventilated traumatic brain injury 34
Summary such regulation with clinical outcome in ventilated 34
Materials and methods 34
Introduction 34
Results 34
Discussion unfavorable outcome. In contrast, PAR impairment 36
References 36
Traumatic brain edema in di¤use and focal injury: cellular or vasogenic? 37
Introduction 37
Results 38
Discussion 40
Conclusion 42
Acknowledgments 42
References of severe brain injury. Acta Radiol 42: 365–369 42
CT prediction of contusion evolution after closed head injury: the role of pericontusional edema 43
Materials and methods 43
Introduction 43
Results 43
Discussion 44
References 45
Organ dysfunction assessment score for severe head injury patients during brain hypothermia 46
Introduction 46
Results cooling phase, the neurological outcome was independently 47
Discussion 47
Conclusion 49
References 49
Importance of cerebral perfusion pressure management using cerebrospinal drainage in severe traumatic brain injury 50
Materials and methods 50
Introduction 50
Results 51
Conclusion 52
Acute hemispheric swelling associated with thin subdural hematomas: pathophysiology of repetitive head injury in sports 53
Materials and methods 53
Results 53
Introduction 53
Discussion 54
References 55
Rewarming following accidental hypothermia in patients with acute subdural hematoma: case report 57
Case history 57
Introduction 57
Discussion 59
Conclusion 60
Clinical characteristics of postoperative contralateral intracranial hematoma after traumatic brain injury 61
Summary however, have described the clinical characteristics of 61
Materials and methods 61
Introduction 61
Results Discussion 62
References 63
Conclusions 63
Human Intracranial Hemorrhage 64
Diagnostic impact of the spectrum of ischemic cerebral blood flow thresholds in sedated subarachnoid hemorrhage patients 65
Introduction 65
Materials and methods 65
Discussion 66
Results 66
References 68
Pharmacological brain cooling with indomethacin in acute hemorrhagic stroke: antiinflammatory cytokines and antioxidative e¤ects 69
Introduction 69
Materials and methods 70
Results 70
Discussion .ndings indicate that PBC improves outcomes and 71
Conclusion 72
Acknowledgments 72
References in cultured human vascular endothelial cells. Neurol Res 72
The significance of crossovers after randomization in the STICH trial 73
Materials and methods 73
Results 73
Introduction 73
Discussion 75
References 76
Conclusions 76
Intraventricular hemorrhage and hydrocephalus after spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage: results from the STICH trial 77
Materials and methods 77
Introduction 77
Results Outcome 78
References 79
Discussion 79
Changes in coagulative and .brinolytic activities in patients with intracranial hemorrhage 81
Summary host responses have been found to be closely 81
Materials and methods 81
Introduction 81
Results 82
Discussion 82
Conclusions 84
The effect of hematoma removal for reducing the development of brain edema in cases of putaminal hemorrhage 86
Summary perform surgical treatment for ICH in Western countries. 86
Introduction 86
Materials and methods 87
Results 87
Discussion 87
References 89
Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage in humans: hematoma enlargement, clot lysis, and brain edema 90
Materials and methods 90
Introduction 90
Results patients. Hematoma enlargement occurred in 4 of 17 91
Discussion may be related to erythrocyte lysis, because infusion of 91
References 92
Evaluation of acute perihematomal regional apparent diffcusion coeffcient abnormalities by diffusion-weighted imaging 93
Introduction 93
Materials and methods 93
Discussion 95
Results perihemorrhagic rADC values were elevated, suggesting 95
References there a perihemorrhagic penumbra? Stroke 34: 1674–1680 96
Reperfusion of low attenuation areas complicating subarachnoid hemorrhage 97
Summary over time of the regional cerebral blood .ow 97
Materials and methods 97
Introduction 97
Results 98
Discussion 99
References 99
Human Cerebral Ischemia 100
Stroke in the young: relationship of active cocaine use with stroke mechanism and outcome 101
Materials and methods 101
Introduction 101
Results 101
Discussion 104
References 105
Brain oxygen metabolism may relate to the temperature gradient between the jugular vein and pulmonary artery after cardiopulmonary resuscitation 107
Summary 107
Materials and methods 107
Introduction 107
Results 108
Discussion 108
References 109
Conclusion 109
Imaging/Monitoring 110
Intracranial pressure monitoring: modeling cerebrovascular pressure transmission 111
M. L. Daley1, C. W. Le¿er2, M. Czosnyka3, and J. D. Pickard3 111
Summary when pressure regulation of cerebral blood 111
Introduction 111
Materials and methods 112
Results 112
Discussion 113
References 115
Use of ICMBsoftware for on-line analysis of intracranial and arterial pressures in head-injured patients 116
Introduction 116
Materials and methods 117
Discussion 117
Conclusion 120
Acknowledgments 120
Monitoring and interpretation of intracranial pressure after head injury 122
M. Czosnyka, P. J. Hutchinson, M. Balestreri, M. Hiler, P. Smielewski, and J. D. Pickard 122
Summary to prevent potentially life-threatening cerebral hypoperfusion. 122
Patients and methods 122
Introduction 122
Results 123
Discussion 125
Conclusion 125
Acknowledgments 125
References 126
Experimental Traumatic Brain Injury 127
The temporal profile of edema formation differs between male and female rats ollowing diffuse traumatic brain injury 128
Summary 128
Introduction 128
Materials and methods 128
Results 129
Discussion 130
References 130
The effect of intravenous fluid replacement on the response to mannitol in experimental cerebral edema: an analysis of intracranial pressure, serum osmolality, serum electrolytes, and brain water content 132
Summary 132
Materials and methods 132
Introduction 132
Results 134
Discussion 134
References 135
Matrix metalloproteinase-9 is associated with blood-brain barrier opening and brain edema formation after cortical contusion in rats 137
Summary 137
Materials and methods 137
Introduction 137
Results 138
Discussion 139
References 140
Delayed precursor cell marker response in hippocampus following cold injury-induced brain edema 141
Summary 141
Materials and methods 141
Introduction 141
Results 142
Discussion 144
Acknowledgments 145
References 145
Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor does not a¤ect contusion size, brain edema or cerebrospinal .uid glutamate concentrations in rats following controlled cortical impact 146
Summary 146
Introduction 146
Methods 146
Results 148
Discussion hours following injury. Error-bars indicate 148
References 149
Conclusion 149
Unilateral spatial neglect and memory de.cit associated with abnormal in Mongolian gerbils 151
Summary 151
Introduction 151
Materials and methods 151
Results 152
Discussion 153
Alteration of gap junction proteins (connexins) following lateral fluid percussion injury in rats 155
Summary 155
Introduction 155
Results 156
Discussion 157
References 157
Zinc protoporphyrin IX attenuates closed head injury-induced edema formation, blood-brain barrier disruption, and serotonin levels in the rat 158
Summary 158
Introduction 158
Materials and methods 159
Results 159
Conclusion 161
Acknowledgments 161
References 161
A novel neuroprotective compound FR901459 with dual inhibition of calcineurin and cyclophilins 164
Summary 164
Introduction 164
Results 165
Materials and methods 165
Discussion 166
References 168
Search for novel gene markers of traumatic brain injury by time differential microarray analysis 170
Summary 170
Introduction 170
Results and discussion 171
Reference 174
Conclusion 174
Diffusion tensor feature in vasogenic brain edema in cats 175
Summary 175
Materials and methods 175
Introduction 175
Results 176
Discussion 176
References 177
Bolus tracer delivery measured by MRI confirms edema without blood-brain barrier permeability in di¤use traumatic brain injury 178
Summary 178
Introduction 178
Materials and methods 179
Results 179
Conclusions 181
References 181
Experimental Intracranial Hemorrhage 182
Delayed profound local brain hypothermia markedly reduces interleukin-1b gene expression and vasogenic edema development in a porcine model of intracerebral hemorrhage 183
Summary 183
Introduction 183
Materials and methods 184
Results 185
Discussion 185
Acknowledgments 186
References 186
Alterations in intracerebral hemorrhage-induced brain injury in the iron deficient rat 189
J. Shao1, G. Xi2, Y. Hua2, T. Schallert2,3, and B. T. Felt4 189
Summary Recent studies suggest that iron and oxidative stress 189
Introduction 189
Materials and methods 190
Results 190
Discussion 191
References 192
Neuroprotective effect of hyperbaric oxygen in a rat model of subarachnoid hemorrhage 194
Summary a multi-component system including cytoplasmic subunits: 194
Introduction 194
Materials and methods 195
Results 195
Discussion 197
References 198
Iron-induced oxidative brain injury after experimental intracerebral hemorrhage 200
Summary 200
Materials and methods 200
Introduction 200
Results 201
Discussion 203
Conclusion 203
References 203
Deferoxamine reduces CSF free iron levels following intracerebral hemorrhage 205
Summary 205
Materials and methods 205
Introduction 205
Results 206
Discussion 207
Acknowledgments 208
References 208
Up-regulation of brain ceruloplasmin in thrombin preconditioning 209
Summary 209
Introduction 209
Results 210
Discussion 210
Acknowledgments 212
References 212
Hydrocephalus in a rat model of intraventricular hemorrhage 213
Summary 213
Introduction 213
Results 215
Discussion 216
Acknowledgments 216
References 216
Early hemostatic therapy using recombinant factor VIIa in a collagenase-induced intracerebral hemorrhage model in rats 218
Summary 218
Introduction 218
Materials and methods 219
Results 220
Discussion 221
References 223
Effects of endogenous and exogenous estrogen on intracerebral hemorrhage-induced brain damage in rats 224
Summary 224
Materials and methods 224
Introduction 224
Results 225
Discussion 226
Acknowledgments 227
References 227
Dopamine changes in a rat model of intracerebral hemorrhage 228
Summary 228
Introduction 228
Materials and methods 229
Discussion 229
Acknowledgments 231
References 231
Intracerebral hemorrhage in complement C3-de.cient mice 233
Summary 233
Introduction 233
Materials and methods 233
Results 234
Discussion 235
Acknowledgments 236
References 236
Systemic zinc protoporphyrin administration reduces intracerebral hemorrhage-induced brain injury 238
Summary 238
Introduction 238
Results 239
Discussion 240
Acknowledgments 241
References 241
Experimental Cerebral Ischemia 243
Restitution of ischemic injuries in penumbra of cerebral cortex after temporary ischemia 244
Inhibition of NaB/HB exchanger isoform 1 attenuates mitochondrial cytochrome C release in cortical neurons following in vitro ischemia 249
Controlled normothermia during ischemia is important for the induction of neuronal cell death after global ischemia in mouse 254
Ex vivo measurement of brain tissue viscoelasticity in postischemic brain edema 259
Summary 259
Materials and methods 259
Introduction the animal was allowed to recover from anesthesia the stroke
Results 260
Discussion 261
Effect of dimethyl sulfoxide on blood-brain barrier integrity following middle cerebral artery occlusion in the rat 263
Increased substance P immunoreactivity and edema formation following reversible ischemic stroke 268
Micro-blood-brain barrier openings and cytotoxic fragments of amyloid precursor protein accumulation in white matter after ischemic brain injury in long-lived rats 272
Time profile of eosinophilic neurons in the cortical layers and cortical atrophy 277
Forebrain ischemia and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier 281
Neurological dysfunctions versus apparent diffusion coefficient and T2 abnormality after transient focal cerebral ischemia in Mongolian gerbils 284
Progressive expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and angiogenesis after chronic ischemic hypoperfusion in rat 288
Intracerebral administration of neuronal nitric oxide synthase antiserum attenuates traumatic brain injury-induced blood-brain barrier permeability, brain edema formation, and sensory motor disturbances in the rat 293
Effects of 2,4-dinitrophenol on ischemia-induced blood-brain barrier disruption 300
Long-term cognitive and neuropsychological symptoms after global cerebral ischemia in Mongolian gerbils 304
Protective e¤ect of the V1a receptor antagonist SR49059 on brain edema formation following middle cerebral artery occlusion in the rat 308
Experimental Spinal Cord Injury 312
Topical application of dynorphin A (1-17) antibodies attenuates neuronal nitric oxide synthase up-regulation, edema formation, and cell injury following focal trauma to the rat spinal cord 313
Histamine receptors in.uence blood-spinal cord barrier permeability, edema formation, and spinal cord blood .ow following trauma to the rat spinal cord 320
Post-injury treatment with a new antioxidant compound H-290/51 attenuates spinal cord trauma-induced c-fos expression, motor dysfunction, edema formation, and cell injury in the rat 326
Post-traumatic application of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and glia-derived neurotrophic factor on the rat spinal cord enhances neuroprotection and improves motor function 333
Chronic spinal nerve ligation induces microvascular permeability disturbances, astrocytic reaction, and structural changes in the rat spinal cord 339
Hydrocephalus 345
Gravitational valves: relevant di¤erences with di¤erent technical solutions to counteract hydrostatic pressure 346
Brain tissue water content in patients with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus 351
Predictors of outcome in patients with normal-pressure hydrocephalus 355
On the optimal opening pressure of hydrostatic valves in cases of idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus: a prospective randomized study with 123 patients 361
Outcome predictors for normal-pressure hydrocephalus 367
First clinical experiences in patients with idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus with the adjustable gravity valve manufactured by Aesculap (proGAVAesculap2) 371
Decompressive craniectomy for severe head injury in patients with major extracranial injuries 376
Clinical outcome of patients with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus three years after shunt implantation 380
Is it possible to optimize treatment of patients with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus by implanting an adjustable Medos Hakim valve in combination with a Miethke shunt assistant? 384
Aquaporins 389
Increased seizure duration in mice lacking aquaporin-4 water channels 390
Modulation of AQP4 expression by the protein kinase C activator, phorbol myristate acetate, decreases ischemia-induced brain edema 394
Astrocytes co-express aquaporin-1, -4, and vascular endothelial growth factor in brain edema tissue associated with brain contusion 399
Magnesium restores altered aquaporin-4 immunoreactivity following traumatic brain injury to a pre-injury state 403
Neuroprotection and Neurotoxicity 408
Positive selective brain cooling method: a novel, simple, and selective nasopharyngeal brain cooling method 409
Mechanism of neuroprotective e¤ect induced by QingKaiLing as an adjuvant drug in rabbits with E. coli bacterial meningitis 413
Acceleration of chemokine production from endothelial cells in response to lipopolysaccharide in hyperglycemic condition 419
Photodynamic therapy increases brain edema and intracranial pressure in a rabbit brain tumor model 422
Whole-body hyperthermia in the rat disrupts the blood-cerebrospinal .uid barrier and induces brain edema 426
ICP, CSF, and the Cerebrovasculature 432
Dynamics of cerebral venous and intracranial pressures 433
E¤ects of angiopoietin-1 on vascular endothelial growth factor-induced angiogenesis in the mouse brain 436
In.ammation and brain edema: new insights into the role of chemokines and their receptors 442
Atrial natriuretic peptide: its putative role in modulating the choroid plexus-CSF system for intracranial pressure regulation 449
Author index 455
Index of keywords 457