Chandler and Grant's Glaucoma

Malik Y. Kahook, MD is Professor of Ophthalmology and Director of Clinical and Translational Research in the Department of Ophthalmology at the University of Colorado. He also directs the glaucoma service and glaucoma fellowship. Dr. Kahook specializes in the medical and surgical treatment of glaucoma and cataracts. He is active within the ophthalmology community, including memberships in the American Academy of Ophthalmology, American Glaucoma Society, American Society of Refractive and Cataract Surgeons, and the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology. Dr. Kahook has authored more than 200 peer-reviewed manuscripts, abstracts, and book chapters, and is editor of 4 textbooks, including Essentials of Glaucoma Surgery (SLACK Incorporated). He is on the editorial board of the American Journal of Ophthalmology and International Glaucoma Review, among others. He was awarded an American Glaucoma Society Clinician-Scientist Fellowship Award for 2007, as well as the American Glaucoma Society Compliance Grant for 2006, and was named New Inventor of the Year for the University of Colorado in 2009 and Inventor of the Year for 2010. Dr. Kahook received the American Academy of Ophthalmology Achievement Award in 2011. He has filed for more than 12 patents, several of which have been licensed by companies for development and commercialization. He currently serves as a consultant to the US Food and Drug Administration’s Ophthalmic Device Division. Dr. Kahook completed his residency training at the University of Colorado, Rocky Mountain Lions Eye Institute in Denver, Colorado, where he was named Chief Resident. He then went on to complete his fellowship in glaucoma from the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.      Joel S. Schuman, MD, FACS is the Eye and Ear Foundation Professor and Chairman of Ophthalmology, the Eye and Ear Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and Director of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) Eye Center. He is also Professor of Bioengineering at the Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, and a Founder of the Louis J. Fox Center for Vision Restoration of UPMC and the University of Pittsburgh. He is a member of the McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine and the Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Carnegie Mellon University and University of Pittsburgh. Dr. Schuman is a native of Roslyn, New York; he graduated from Columbia University (BA, 1980) and Mt. Sinai School of Medicine (MD, 1984). Following his internship at New York’s Beth Israel Medical Center (1985), he completed residency training at Medical College of Virginia (1988) and glaucoma fellowship at Massachusetts Eye & Ear Infirmary (clinical 1989; research 1990), where he was a Heed Fellow. After just over a year on the Harvard faculty, he moved to the New England Medical Center, Tufts University, to co-found the New England Eye Center in 1991, where he was Residency Director and Glaucoma and Cataract Service Chief. In 1998, he became Professor of Ophthalmology, and Vice Chair in 2001.     Dr. Schuman and his colleagues were the first to identify a molecular marker for human glaucoma, as published in Nature Medicine in 2001. He has been continuously funded by the National Eye Institute as a principal investigator since 1995, is principal investigator of a National Institutes of Health (NIH) grant to study novel glaucoma diagnostics, and is co-investigator of NIH grants for research into novel optical diagnostics and short pulse laser surgery and for advanced imaging in glaucoma. He is an inventor of optical coherence tomography (OCT), used world-wide for ocular diagnostics. Dr. Schuman has published more than 250 peer-reviewed scientific journal articles, has authored or edited 8 books, and has contributed more than 50 book chapters.     In 2002, Dr. Schuman received the Alcon Research Institute Award, as well as the New York Academy of Medicine’s Lewis Rudin Glaucoma Prize. In 2003, he received the Senior Achievement Award from the American Academy of Ophthalmology. In 2004, he was elected into the American Society for Clinical Investigation. In 2006, he received the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO) Translational Research Award. He was elected to the American Ophthalmological Society in 2008. He received a 2006-2009 American Medical Association Physician’s Recognition Award with Commendation. In 2010, he became a silver Fellow of ARVO. In 2011, Dr. Schuman was the Clinician-Scientist Lecturer of the American Glaucoma Society. In 2012, he received the Carnegie Science Center’s Award in Life Sciences and was a co-recipient of the Champalimaud Award.

Dedication  
Acknowledgments  
About the Editors  
Contributing Authors  
Preface  
Introduction 

Section I The Basics  
Chapter 1 Introduction  Joel S. Schuman, MD, FACS and David L. Epstein, MD, MMM  
Chapter 2 Anatomy Malik Y. Kahook, MD and E. Michael Van Buskirk, M D 
Peripapillary Atrophy: Joel S. Schuman, MD, FACS and Malik Y. Kahook, MD  
Chapter 3 Practical Aqueous Humor Dynamics  Joel S. Schuman, MD, FACS; Malik Y. Kahook, MD; and David L. Epstein, MD, MMM 
An Interesting Question: David L. Epstein, MD, MMM  
Testing of New Glaucoma Drugs: David L. Epstein, MD, MMM  
Chapter 4 The Patient’s History: Symptoms of Glaucoma  Joel S. Schuman, MD, FACS and David L. Epstein, MD, MMM 
Steroid-Induced Elevation of Intraocular Pressure: David L. Epstein, MD, MMM  
Chapter 5 Examination of the Eye  Ian P. Conner, MD, PhD; Joel S. Schuman, MD, FACS; Malik Y. Kahook, MD; and David L. Epstein, MD, MMM 
The Rule of 5%: David L. Epstein, MD, MMM  
Chapter 6 Tonometry and Tonography  Jeremy B. Wingard, MD and Joel S. Schuman, MD, FACS 
Chapter 7 The Angle of the Anterior Chamber  Joel S. Schuman, MD, FACS; Deval Joshi, MD; and Lisa S. Gamell, MD 
Gonioscopy During Operation: Joel S. Schuman, MD, FACS  
Chapter 8 Examination of the Optic Nerve  Ian P. Conner, MD, PhD; Joel S. Schuman, MD, FACS; and David L. Epstein, MD, MMM 
Clinical Assessment of the Nerve Fiber Layer: Joel S. Schuman, MD, FACS 
Chapter 9 Imaging of the Optic Nerve Head and Nerve Fiber Layer  Lindsey S. Folio, MS, MBA; Gadi Wollstein, MD; and Joel S. Schuman, MD, FACS 
Chapter 10 Imaging Devices for Angle Assessment  Mina B. Pantcheva, MD and Malik Y. Kahook, MD 
Chapter 11 Visual Fields and Their Relationship to the Optic Nerve  Joshua D. Stein, MD, MS and R. Rand Allingham, MD 

Section II Medications Used in Glaucoma Therapy  
Chapter 12 Adrenergic Agents: Blockers and Agonists  Pratap Challa, MD, MS and David L. Epstein, MD, MMM 
Evaluating Clinical Trials: Pratap Challa, MD, MS and David L. Epstein, MD, MMM  
Timolol and Albino Rabbits: Pratap Challa, MD, MS and David L. Epstein, MD, MMM  
Laboratory Glaucoma Models: Pratap Challa, MD, MS and David L. Epstein, MD, MMM  
Statistical and Clinical Significance: Pratap Challa, MD, MS and David L. Epstein, MD, MMM  
Mechanisms of Epinephrine-Induced Cystoid Macular Edema: Pratap Challa, MD, MS and 
David L. Epstein, MD, MMM 
Chapter 13 The Miotics  Pratap Challa, MD, MS and David L. Epstein, MD, MMM 
Acetylcholinesterase: David L. Epstein, MD, MMM  
Drug Therapy Compliance: David L. Epstein, MD, MMM  
Limited Duration of Activity of Phospholine Iodide: David L. Epstein, MD, MMM  
Chapter 14 Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors: Systemic Use  Pratap Challa, MD, MS and David L. Epstein, MD, MMM 
Chapter 15 Topical Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors  Pratap Challa, MD, MS and Joel S. Schuman, MD, FACS 
Chapter 16 Prostaglandin Analogs  Angela V. Turalba, MD and Douglas J. Rhee, MD 
Chapter 17 Management of Highly Elevated Intraocular Pressure  Joshua D. Stein, MD, MS; R. Rand Allingham, MD; and Pratap Challa, MD, MS 

Section III Common Open-Angle Glaucomas  
Chapter 18 Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma  Kimberly V. Miller, MD; Joel S. Schuman, MD, FACS; and David L. Epstein, MD, MMM 
Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma and Myopia: David L. Epstein, MD, MMM  
Common Mistakes in Glaucoma Management: David L. Epstein, MD, MMM  
Trabecular Glaucoma Versus Optic Nerve Glaucoma: David L. Epstein, MD, MMM  
Tonography: David L. Epstein, MD, MMM  
Chapter 19 Low-Tension Glaucoma  Ian P. Conner, MD, PhD; Kimberly V. Miller, MD; Joel S. Schuman, MD, FACS; and David L. Epstein, MD, MMM 
Low-Tension Glaucoma and the General Ophthalmologist: David L. Epstein, MD, MMM  
Ocular Effects of Calcium-Channel Blockers: Past Promise: Peter A. Netland, MD, PhD  
Chapter 20 Pseudoexfoliation Syndrome and Open-Angle Glaucoma  Pratap Challa, MD, MS and David L. Epstein, MD, MMM 
Tonography in Pseudoexfoliation: Pratap Challa, MD, MS and David L. Epstein, MD, MMM  
Chapter 21 Pigment Dispersion and Pigmentary Glaucoma  Ian P. Conner, MD, PhD; Kimberly V. Miller, MD; Joel S. Schuman, MD, FACS; and David L. Epstein, MD, MMM 
Tonography: David L. Epstein, MD, MMM  

Section IV Angle-Closure Glaucoma  
Chapter 22 Principles of Primary Angle-Closure Glaucoma   George Ulrich, MD, FACS and David L. Epstein, MD, MMM 
Iris Retraction Syndrome: David L. Epstein, MD, MMM  
Pseudo-Unilateral Angle Closure: David L. Epstein, MD, MMM  
Chapter 23 Acute Angle-Closure Glaucoma: Diagnosis and Treatment  George Ulrich, MD, FACS; Joel S. Schuman, MD, FACS; David L. Epstein, MD, MMM; and Ian P. Conner, MD, PhD 
Anterior Chamber Deepening With Mechanical Breaking of Peripheral Anterior Synechiae With an 
Iris Spatula (Goniosynechialysis): David L. Epstein, MD, MMM  
Chapter 24 Subacute (and Chronic) Angle-Closure Glaucoma   George Ulrich, MD, FACS and David L. Epstein, MD, MMM 
Chapter 25 Angle-Closure Glaucoma: Evaluation and Treatment After Iridotomy   Mina B. Pantcheva, MD; Malik Y. Kahook, MD; and David L. Epstein, MD, MMM 
Chapter 26 Plateau Iris  Joel S. Schuman, MD, FACS; Malik Y. Kahook, MD; and David L. Epstein, MD, MMM 
Chapter 27 The Use of Special Tests in Narrow-Angled Eyes   Joel S. Schuman, MD, FACS and David L. Epstein, MD, MMM 
Goniolens Characteristics: R. Rand Allingham, MD  

Section V Secondary Angle-Closure Glaucomas  
Chapter 28 Principles of Secondary Angle-Closure Glaucomas  David L. Epstein, MD, MMM 
Chapter 29 The Malignant Glaucoma Syndromes  Ian P. Conner, MD, PhD; Joel S. Schuman, MD, FACS; and David L. Epstein, MD, MMM 
The History of Mydriatic-Cycloplegic Therapy: David L. Epstein, MD, MMM 
The Chandler Operation: Ian P. Conner, MD, PhD; Joel S. Schuman, MD, FACS; and 
David L. Epstein, MD, MMM 
Chapter 30 Nanophthalmos: Diagnosis and Treatment  Zvia Burgansky-Eliash, MD and Richard J. Simmons, MD 
Chapter 31 Neovascular Glaucoma  Jeffrey R. SooHoo, MD; David K. Dueker, MD; and Malik Y. Kahook, MD 
Chapter 32 Iridocorneal Endothelial Syndromes  Sarwat Salim, MD, FACS and M. Bruce Shields, MD 
Chapter 33 Glaucoma After Vitreoretinal Procedures  Ron A. Adelman, MD, MPH, MBA, FACS and Martin Wand, MD 
Intraocular Gas and Altitude: Martin Wand, MD and Ron A. Adelman, MD, MPH, MBA, FACS 
Chapter 34 Angle-Closure Glaucoma Due to Multiple Cysts of the Iris and Ciliary Body  Ian P. Conner, MD, PhD; Joel S. Schuman, MD, FACS; and David L. Epstein, MD, MMM 
Chapter 35 Angle-Closure Glaucoma Secondary to Occlusion of the Central Retinal Vein  Malik Y. Kahook, MD and David L. Epstein, MD, MMM 
Chapter 36 Angle-Closure Glaucoma Secondary to Acute Myopia  Malik Y. Kahook, MD and David L. Epstein, MD, MMM 
Acute Bilateral Transitory Myopia Associated With Open-Angle Glaucoma: Joel S. Schuman, MD, FACS  
Chapter 37 Glaucoma After Penetrating Keratoplasty   Mina B. Pantcheva, MD; Joel S. Schuman, MD, FACS; Malik Y. Kahook, MD; and David L. Epstein, MD, MMM 

Section VI Combined Mechanisms  
Chapter 38 Combined Open-Angle and Angle-Closure Glaucoma  Joel S. Schuman, MD, FACS and David L. Epstein, MD, MMM 
Chapter 39 Glaucoma in the Pseudophakic and Aphakic Eye  Ian P. Conner, MD, PhD; Joel S. Schuman, MD, FACS; and David L. Epstein, MD, MMM 
Glaucoma Surgery in Pseudophakia and Aphakia: A Historical Perspective: R. Rand Allingham, MD  
Chapter 40 Characteristically Unilateral Glaucomas: Differential Diagnosis  Joel S. Schuman, MD, FACS; Malik Y. Kahook, MD; and David L. Epstein, MD, MMM 
Chapter 41 Glaucoma Secondary to Intraocular Tumors  Sumit P. Shah, MD and Jay S. Duker, MD 

Section VII Secondary Open-Angle Glaucoma  
Chapter 42 Glaucoma Due to Intraocular Inflammation  Zvia Burgansky-Eliash, MD; Guy Aharon Weiss, MD; and R. Rand Allingham, MD 
Chapter 43 Glaucoma Due to Trauma  Carla I. Bourne, MD and Bradford J. Shingleton, MD 
Secondary Glaucoma in Black Patients: A Historical Perspective: Morton F. Goldberg, MD  
Iris Retraction Syndrome: Joel S. Schuman, MD, FACS  
Chapter 44 Corticosteroid Glaucoma   Mina B. Pantcheva, MD 
Chapter 45 Hemolytic or Ghost-Cell Glaucoma   David L. Epstein, MD, MMM 
Chapter 46 Glaucoma Associated With Extraocular Venous Congestion (Increased Episcleral Venous Pressure)  Ian P. Conner, MD, PhD; Joel S. Schuman, MD, FACS; and David L. Epstein, MD, MMM 
Aqueous Humor Dynamics: A Trick Question: David L. Epstein, MD, MMM  
Chapter 47 Lens-Induced Glaucoma   Ian P. Conner, MD, PhD; Joel S. Schuman, MD, FACS; and David L. Epstein, MD, MMM 
Understanding Lens-Induced Glaucomas: Ian P. Conner, MD, PhD and David L. Epstein, MD, MMM  
Completely Dislocated Hypermature Cataract and Glaucoma: Ian P. Conner, MD, PhD; Joel S. Schuman, MD, FACS; and David L. Epstein, MD, MMM  
Chapter 48 Amyloidosis and Open-Angle Glaucoma   David L. Epstein, MD, MMM 
Chapter 49 Glaucoma in the Phakomatoses  Cynthia Mattox, MD and Priti Batta, MD 
Chapter 50 Juvenile Open-Angle Glaucoma  Janey L. Wiggs, MD, PhD 

Section VIII Laser Methods in Glaucoma  
Chapter 51 Glaucoma Laser Surgery   Jeremy B. Wingard, MD and Joel S. Schuman, MD, FACS 
Chapter 52 Laser Trabeculoplasty   Jeremy B. Wingard, MD and Joel S. Schuman, MD, FACS 
Chapter 53 Laser Trabeculoplasty: How Does It Work?  Daniel Cotlear, MD; Shlomo Melamed, MD; and Modi Goldenfeld, MD 
How I Do Laser Trabeculopasty:  Claudia U. Richter, MD 
Chapter 54 Post-Laser Elevation of Intraocular Pressure   Marshall N. Cyrlin, MD 
Chapter 55 Laser Peripheral Iridotomy   Lisa S. Gamell, MD; Timothy Saunders, MD; and Joel S. Schuman, MD, FACS 
The Choice of Iridotomy Lens: Joel S. Schuman, MD, FACS  
Technique of Laser Iridotomy: Lisa S. Gamell, MD 
Which Laser Should I Use?: Lisa S. Gamell, MD 
One Technique for Laser Peripheral Iridotomy: Joel S. Schuman, MD, FACS  
Chapter 56 Cyclodestruction   Mina B. Pantcheva, MD and Joel S. Schuman, MD, FACS 
Chapter 57 Laser Peripheral Iridoplasty   Lisa S. Gamell, MD and Cristan M. Arena, MD 
Practical Considerations for Argon Laser Peripheral Iridoplasty: Lisa S. Gamell, MD  
Personal Technique: Lisa S. Gamell, MD  

Section IX Glaucoma Surgery  
Chapter 58 What to Say to Glaucoma Patients Prior to Filtration Surgery   Mahmoud A. Khaimi, MD 
Chapter 59 Filtering Surgery in the Management of Glaucoma   Mahmoud A. Khaimi, MD and Marcos Reyes, MD 
Antiproliferative Therapy for Filtration Surgery: Mahmoud A. Khaimi, MD; Marcos Reyes, MD; and  David A. Lee, MD, MS, MBA, FACS, FARVO  
Externalized Releasable Sutures in Filtering Surgery: Murray A. Johnstone, MD and Annisa L. Jamil, MD  
How to Handle Mitomycin C: David P. Tingey, BA, MD, FRCSC  
Chapter 60 Postoperative Management Following Filtration Surgery   Mahmoud A. Khaimi, MD and Marcos Reyes, MD 
Performing a Choroidal Tap: R. Rand Allingham, MD 
Treatment of Hypotonous Maculopathy: Mahmoud A. Khaimi, MD; Marcos Reyes, MD; and R. Rand Allingham, MD  
Chapter 61 The Management of Coexisting Cataract and Glaucoma   Carla I. Bourne, MD; Bradford J. Shingleton, MD; and Joel S. Schuman, MD, FACS 
Chapter 62 Aqueous Shunting Procedures  Sarwat Salim, MD, FACS and Malik Y. Kahook, MD 
Chapter 63 Cyclodialysis  David L. Epstein, MD, MMM 
Mystery Diagnosis: David L. Epstein, MD, MMM  
Chapter 64 Surgical Peripheral Iridectomy  David L. Epstein, MD, MMM 
Chapter 65 Schlemm’s Canal Surgery for Glaucoma Management   Steven R. Sarkisian Jr, MD and Marcos Reyes, MD 
Chapter 66 Suprachoroidal Approach to Glaucoma Surgery   Ramesh S. Ayyala, MD, FRCS(E), FRCOphth(Lon); Farhan A. Irshad, MD; and Iqbal “Ike” K. Ahmed, MD, FRCSC 
Chapter 67 Treatment of Occludable Angles and Angle Closure With Cataract Extraction   Michael A. Alunni, MD and Garry P. Condon, MD 

Section X Diagnosis and Treatment of Glaucoma in Children  
Chapter 68 Pediatric Glaucoma  Richard W. Hertle, MD, FAAO, FACS, FAAP 
Chapter 69 Unusual Pediatric Glaucomas  Vicki M. Chen, MD and David S. Walton, MD 

Section XI Special Considerations  
Chapter 70 The Role of the Cornea in Managing Glaucoma  Leon W. Herndon Jr, MD 
Chapter 71 Twenty-Four-Hour Intraocular Pressure Monitoring in Glaucoma  Brian J. Song, MD and Lama A. Al-Aswad, MD 
Chapter 72 The Role of Ocular Perfusion Pressure in the Pathogenesis of Glaucoma   Yvonne Ou, MD and Sanjay Asrani, MD 
Topical Medications and Ocular Perfusion Pressure: Yvonne Ou, MD and Sanjay Asrani, MD  
Chapter 73 Neuroprotection in Glaucoma   Yvonne Ou, MD and Stuart J. McKinnon, MD, PhD 
Chapter 74 Adherence to Glaucoma Medical Therapy   Lisa S. Gamell, MD and Gretta Fridman, MD 
What Do We Actually Do to Ensure Adherence?: Lisa S. Gamell, MD  
Chapter 75 Epidemiology of Glaucoma   Michael B. Horsley, MD and M. Roy Wilson, MD, MS 

Financial Disclosures  
Index