Netter Collection of Medical Illustrations - Urinary System

Section 1 - ANATOMY OF THE URINARY TRACT * Kidney: Position and Relations (Anterior View) * Kidney: Position and Relations (Posterior View) * Kidney: Position and Relations (Transverse Sections) * Kidney: Gross Structure * Renal Fascia * Ureters: Position, Relations, Gross Structure * Bladder: Position, Relations, Gross Structure (Male) * Bladder: Position, Relations, Gross Structure (Female) * Bladder: Position, Relations, Gross Structure (Coronal Cross-Section) * Renal Vasculature: Renal Artery and Vein In Situ * Renal Vasculature: Renal Artery Segmental Branches and Intrarenal Arteries * Renal Vasculature: Variations in Renal Artery and Vein * Vasculature of Ureters and Bladder * Innervation of Kidneys, Ureters and Bladder * Innervation Pathways of the Kidneys and Upper Ureter * Innervation Pathways of the Ureter and Bladder * Lymphatics of Urinary System * Overview of the Nephron * Renal Microvascualture * Glomerulus: Structure and Histology * Glomerulus Fine Structure * Glomerulus: Electron Microscopy * Proximal Tubule * Thin Limb * Distal Tubule * Collecting Duct * Renal Pelvis, Ureter, and Bladder Section 2 - Normal and Abnormal Development * Development of Kidney * Development of Kidney: Nephron Formation * Development of Bladder and Ureter: Formation of the Cloaca * Development of Bladder and Ureter: Septation, Incorporation of Ureters, and Maturation * Renal Ascent and Ectopia: Normal Renal Ascent and Pelvic Kidney * Renal Ascent and Ectopia: Thoracic and Crossed Ectopic Kidney * Renal Rotation and Malrotation * Anomalies in Number of Kidneys: Bilateral Renal Agenesis * Anomalies in Number of Kidneys: Unilateral Renal Agenesis * Anomalies in Number of Kidneys: Supernumerary Kidney * Renal Fusion * Renal Dysplasia * Renal Hypoplasia * Simple Cysts * Polycystic Kidney Disease: Gross Appearance * Polycystic Kidney Disease: Radiographic Findings * Medullary Sponge Kidney * Nephronophthisis / Medullary Cystic Kidney Disease Complex * Retrocaval Ureter: Radiographic Findings and Laparoscopic Repair * Retrocaval Ureter: Normal Development of the Inferior Vena Cava * Vesicoureteral Reflux: Mechanism and Grading * Vesicoureteral Reflux: Voiding Cystourethrograms * Ureteral Duplication: Complete * Ureteral Duplication: Incomplete * Ectopic Ureter * Ureterocele: Gross and Fine Appearance * Ureterocele: Radiographic Findings * Prune Belly Syndrome: Appearance of Abdominal Wall * Prune Belly Syndrome: Appearance of Kidneys, Ureters, and Bladder * Epispadias Exstrophy Complex: Epispadias * Epispadias Exstrophy Complex: Bladder Exstrophy * Bladder Duplication and Septation * Anomalies of the Urachus * Posterior Urethral Valves: Gross Appearance * Posterior Urethral Valves: Radiographic Findings Section 3 - Physiology * Basic Functions and Homeostasis * Clearance and Renal Plasma Flow * Glomerular Filtration Rate * Glomerular Filtration Rate: Calculation * Secretion and Reabsorption: Tubular Reabsorption and Saturation Kinetics * Secretion and Reabsorption: Fractional Excretion (Clearance Ratios) * Renal Handling of Sodium and Chloride: Nephron Sites of Sodium Reabsorption * Renal Handling of Sodium and Chloride: Response to Extracellular Fluid Contraction * Renal Handling of Sodium and Chloride: Response to Extracellular Fluid Expansion * Renal Handling of Potassium * Renal Handling of Calcium, Phosphate, and Magnesium * Countercurrent Multiplication: Model - Part 1 * Countercurrent Multiplication: Model - Part 2 * Countercurrent Multiplication: Models to Demonstrate Principle of Countercurrent Exchange System of Vasa Recta in Minimizing Dissipation of Medullary Osmotic Gradient * Urine Concentration and Dilution: Long-Looped Nephron (ADH Present) * Urine Concentration and Dilution: Long-Looped Nephron (ADH Absent) * Antidiuretic Hormone * Tubuloglomerular Feedback and Modulation of Renin Release * Tubuloglomerular Feedback and Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System * Acid Base Balance: Roles of Chemical Buffers, Lungs, and Kidneys in Acid-Base Handling * Acid Base Balance: Renal Bicarbonate Reabsorption * Acid Base Balance: Renal Bicarbonate Synthesis and Proton Excretion * Acid Base Balance: Acidosis and Alkalosis * Additional Functions of Erythropoiesis and Vitamin D * Renal Tubular Acidosis: Proximal * Renal Tubular Acidosis: Classic Distal * Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus: Diabetes Insipidus * Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus: Major Causes and Symptoms Section 4 - Renal Diseases * Overview of Acute Kidney Injury: Causes * Overview of Acute Kidney Injury: Possible Urine Findings * Acute Tubular Necrosis: Causes, Pathophysiology, and Clinical Features * Acute Tubular Necrosis: Histopathological Findings * Overview of Nephrotic Syndrome: Pathophysiology * Overview of Nephrotic Syndrome: Causes * Overview of Nephrotic Syndrome: Presentation and Diagnosis * Minimal Change Disease: Causes and Presentation * Minimal Change Disease: Histopathology * Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis: Causes, Clinical Features, and Histopathological Findings * Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis: Histopathological Findings (Continued) * Membranous Nephropathy: Causes and Clinical Features * Membranous Nephropathy: Histopathological Findings * Overview of Glomerulonephritis: Clinical Features and Histopathological Findings * Overview of Glomerulonephritis: Histopathological Findings (Continued) * IgA Nephropathy: Causes and Clinical Features * IgA Nephropathy: Histopathological Findings * IgA Nephropathy: Histopathological Findings (Continued) * Post-infectious glomerulonephritis: Causes and Clinical Features * Post-infectious glomerulonephritis: Histopathological Findings * Post-infectious glomerulonephritis: Histopathological Findings (Continued) * Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis: Causes, Features, and Assessment * Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis: Classical Pathway of Complement Pathways * Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis: Histopathological Findings * Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis * Hereditary Nephritis (Alport's) / Thin Basement Membrane Nephropathy: Pathophysiology and Clinical Features * Hereditary Nephritis (Alport's) / Thin Basement Membrane Nephropathy: Electron Microscopy Findings * Acute Interstitial Nephritis: Causes and Clinical Features * Acute Interstitial Nephritis: Histopathological Findings * Chronic Tubulointerstitial Nephritis and Analgesic Nephropathy * Chronic Tubulointerstitial Nephritis: Histopathological Findings * Thrombotic Microangiopathy: General Features * Thrombotic Microangiopathy: Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome * Thrombotic Microangiopathy: Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura * Renal Vein Thrombosis * Renal Artery Stenosis: Pathophysiology of Renovascular Hypertension * Renal Artery Stenosis: Causes * Congestive Heart Failure: Types of Left Heart Failure and Effects on Renal Function * Congestive Heart Failure: Effects of Left Heart Failure on Renal Blood Flow and Tubular Function * Hepatorenal Syndrome: Proposed Pathophysiology * Hepatorenal Syndrome: Symptoms and Diagnosis * Chronic and Malignant Hypertension: Major Causes * Chronic and Malignant Hypertension: Renal Histopathology (Chronic) * Chronic and Malignant Hypertension: Renal Histopathology (Malignant) * Diabetic Nephropathy: Diabetes Mellitus * Diabetic Nephropathy * Amyloidosis: Deposition Sites and Manifestations * Amyloidosis: Histopathological Findings * Lupus Nephritis: Diagnostic Criteria * Lupus Nephritis: Renal Histopathology (Class I and II Lesions) * Lupus Nephritis: Renal Histopathology (Class III and IV Lesions) * Lupus Nephritis: Renal Histopathology (Class V Lesions) * Myeloma Nephropathy: Pathophysiology and Clinical Findings * Myeloma Nephropathy: Histopathological Findings * HIV-Associated Nephropathy: Light Microscopy Findings * HIV-Associated Nephropathy: Electron Microscopy Findings * HIV-Associated Nephropathy: Mechanisms of Infection and Antiretroviral Therapy * Preeclampsia: Clinical Definition and Potential Mechanism of Pathogenesis * Preeclampsia: Renal Pathology * Preeclampsia: HELLP Syndrome and Eclampsia * Henoch Schonlein Purpura: Diagnostic Criteria * Henoch Schonlein Purpura: Additional Clinical Features * Fabry's Disease * Cystinosis: Pathophysiology and the Renal Fanconi Syndrome * Cystinosis: Extrarenal Manifestations * Overview of Chronic Kidney Disease: Staging System and Major Causes * Overview of Chronic Kidney Disease: Mechanism of Progression and Complications * Overview of Chronic Kidney Disease: Uremia * Overview of Chronic Kidney Disease: Normal Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism * Overview of Chronic Kidney Disease: Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism in Chronic Kidney Disease Section 5 - Urinary Tract Infections * Cystitis: Risk Factors * Cystitis: Common Symptoms and Tests * Cystitis: Evaluation * Cystitis: Treatment * Pyelonephritis: Risk Factors and Major Findings * Pyelonephritis: Pathology * Bacteriuria Management of Asymptometic Bacteriuria * Intrarenal and Perinephric Abscesses * Tuberculosis: Infection and Extrapulmonary Spread * Tuberculosis: Urinary Tract * Schistosomiasis: Lifecycle of Schistosoma Haematobium * Schistosomiasis: Effects of Chronic Schistosoma Haematobium Infection Section 6 - Urinary Tract Obstructions * Obstructive Uropathy: Etiology * Obstructive Uropathy: Sequelae * Urolithiasis: Formation of Renal Stones * Urolithiasis: Major Sites of Renal Stone Impaction * Urolithiasis: Appearance of Renal Stones * Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction * Ureteral Strictures Section 7 - Traumatic Injuries * Renal Injuries: Grading System and Renal Parencyhmal Injuries * Renal Injuries: Renal Hilar Injuries * Ureteral Injuries * Bladder Injuries: Extraperitoneal Bladder Ruptures * Bladder Injuries: Intraperitoneal Bladder Ruptures Section 8 -Voiding Dysfunction * Voiding dysfunction: Anatomy of Female Urinary Continence Mechanisms * Voiding dysfunction : Neural Control of Bladder Function and Effects of Lesions * Voiding dysfunction: Stress Urinary Incontinence * Urodynamics: Equipment and Set-up for Urodynamics Studies * Urodynamics: Example Urodynamics Recordings Section 9 - Neoplasms * Benign Renal Tumors: Papillary Adenoma and Oncocytoma * Benign Renal Tumors: Angiomyolipoma * Renal Cell Carcinoma: Risk Factors and Radiographic Findings * Renal Cell Carcinoma: Gross Pathological Findings * Renal Cell Carcinoma: Histopathological Findings * Renal Cell Carcinoma: Staging System and Sites of Metastasis * Wilms Tumor: Genetics, Presentation, and Radiographic Findings * Wilms Tumor: Gross Appearance and Histopathological Findings * Tumors of the Renal Pelvis and Ureter: Risk Factors and Radiographic Appearance * Tumors of the Renal Pelvis and Ureter: Appearance (Ureteroscopic, Gross, and Microscopic) and Staging System * Tumors of the Bladder: Risk Factors, Symptoms, and Physical Examination * Tumors of the Bladder: Cystoscopic and Radiographic Appearance * Tumors of the Bladder: Histopathological Findings and Staging System Section 10 - Therapeutics * Osmotic Diuretics * Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors * Loop Diuretics * Thiazide Diuretics * Potassium-Sparing Diuretics * Inhibitors of the Renin-Angiotensin System * Renal Biopsy: Indications and Structure of Typical Spring-Loaded Needle * Renal Biopsy: Procedure * Hemodialysis, Peritoneal Dialysis, and Continuous Therapies: Hemodialysis * Hemodialysis, Peritoneal Dialysis, and Continuous Therapies: Vascular Access for Hemodialysis * Hemodialysis, Peritoneal Dialysis, and Continuous Therapies: Peritoneal Dialysis * Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy * Percutaneous nephrolithotomy: Creation of Access Tract * Percutaneous nephrolithotomy: Nephroscope and Sonotrode * Percutaneous nephrolithotomy: Ultrasonic Lithotripsy of Large Stones * Pyeloplasty / Endopyelotomy * Renal Revascularization: Endovascular Therapies * Renal Revascularization: Surgical Therapies * Simple and Radical Nephrectomy: Open Nephrectomy (Incisions for Transperitoneal and Retroperitoneal Approaches) * Simple and Radical Nephrectomy: Open Simple Nephrectomy (Flank Approach) * Simple and Radical Nephrectomy: Laparoscopic Radical Nephrectomy (Transperitoneal Approach (Left-Sided)) * Partial Nephrectomy: Open Partial Nephrectomy (Retroperitoneal (Flank) Approach) * Partial Nephrectomy: Laparoscopic Partial Nephrectomy (Transperitoneal Approach) * Renal Ablation: Laparoscopic Cryoablation (Retroperitoneal Approach) * Renal Ablation: Percutaneous Cryoablation * Renal Transplantation: Recipient Operation * Renal Transplantation: Mechanisms of Action of Immunosuppressive Medications * Renal Transplantation: Causes of Graft Dysfunction in Immediate Post-Operative Period * Renal Transplantation: Causes of Graft Dysfunction in Early Post-Transplant Period * Renal Transplantation: Acute Rejection (Histopathological Findings) * Renal Transplantation: Calcineurin Inhibitor Nephrotoxicity (Histopathological Findings) * Renal Transplantation: Causes of Graft Dysfunction in Late Post-Transplant Period * Ureteroscopy: Device Design and Deployment * Ureteroscopy: Stone Fragmentation and Extraction * Ureter Reimplantation * Ureteral Reconstruction * Cystoscopy: Cystoscope Design * Cystoscopy: Cystoscopic Views * Transurethral Resection of Bladder Tumor: Equipment and Procedure * Transurethral Resection of Bladder Tumor: Procedure (Continued)