Sexuality in Plants and its Hormonal Regulation

1. Sex in Plants and Factors in Sexual Differentiation.- A. The Evolution of Sex.- B. The Genetic Theory of Sex Determination.- C. Sexual Dimorphism.- D. Foundations for a Biochemical Diagnosis of Sex.- E. The Concept of Plant Sex Hormones.- 2. Influence of Environmental Factors and Nutrition on Sex Determination in Plants (A Review).- A. Mineral Nutrition and Water Supply.- B. Atmospheric Gas Composition.- C. Temperature.- D. Day Length and Quality of Light.- E. Photoperiodic Induction and Darkness.- F. Surgical Manipulations, Grafts, and Other Factors.- 3. Hormonal Regulation of Sex Expression and Age-Related Changes.- A. Influence of Phytohormones and Growth Inhibitors on Sex Expression in Whole Plants.- B. Phytohormone Treatment of Seeds Before Sowing.- C. Sex Expression and the Age of the Plant.- D. Effects of Phytohormones at Early Developmental Stages.- 4. The Roles of Individual Organs and of the Phytohormones They Synthesize in Controlling Sex Expression in Plants.- A. An Integral Model of Sex Expression in Plants.- B. The Roles of Roots, Leaves, and Their Phytohormones in Sexual Differentiation in Dioecious Plants.- C. The Roles of Individual Organs and Their Phytohormones in Sex Expression in Monoecious Plants Carrying Unisexual Flowers.- D. Individual and Combined Effects of Hormones and Growth Inhibitors on Sex Expression in Hemp.- 5. Differential Content of Phytohormone Activity in Male and Female Plants.- A. Gibberellins.- B. Cytokinins.- C. Auxins and Growth Inhibitors.- D. Results.- 6. Hormonal and Genetic Factors in Plant Sex Expression.- A. Sex Expression in Isolated Hemp Embryos Grown in Culture.- B. Generalized Concept of Sex Expression in Dioecious and Monoecious Plants.- C. Sex Expression in Hemp and the Combined Effects of Phytohormones and Inhibitors of Nucleic Acid and Protein Metabolism.- D. Immunochemical Analysis of Stem Apices of Male and Female Hemp Plants.- 7. Plant Sex Expression and the Interactions Between Ecologic Factors, Phytohormones, and the Genetic Apparatus.- 8. Practical Uses of Phytohormones in Directing Plant Sex Expression and in Increasing Plant Productivity.- 9. Conclusion.- References.