Ophthalmology at a Glance

Jane Olver is Consultant Ophthalmic, Oculoplastic and Orbital Surgeon at the Western Eye and Charing Cross Hospitals, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, and Director Clinica London Lorraine Cassidy is Professor of Ophthalmology, Trinity College, Dublin; Consultant Ophthalmologist, Neuro-ophthalmologist and Oculoplastic Surgeon, The Royal Victoria Eye and Ear Hospital, and The Adelaide and Meath Hospital, incorporating the National Childrens’ Hospital, Dublin, Ireland  Gurjeet Jutley is Specialist Registrar, Moorfields Eye Hospital, London Laura Crawley is Glaucoma Fellow, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London 

Preface to second edition 7

Preface to first edition 7

Acknowledgements 7

Contributors 8

How to use your textbook 9

About the companion website 13

Part 1 Principles of ophthalmology

1 Introduction: what is ophthalmology? 14

2 Medical student aims 16

3 Social and occupational aspects of vision 18

Part 2 Ophthalmic history and examination

4 Taking the history and recording the findings 20

5 Visual acuity in adults 22

6 Examination of visual fields 24

7 Other visual functions 26

Part 3 Correction of refractive errors

8 Basic optics and refraction 28

9 Glasses, contact lenses and low-vision aids 30

Part 4 Basic eye examination

10 External eye and anterior segment 32

11 Posterior segment and retina 34

12 Use of eye drops 36

Part 5 Acute ophthalmology

13 Red eye: the conjunctiva 38

14 Red eye: the cornea 40

15 Red eye: the sclera and episclera 42

16 Ophthalmic trauma principles and management of chemical injuries 44

17 Specific features of blunt and sharp injuries 46

18 Loss of vision in the inflamed eye 48

19 Sudden painful loss of vision in a non-inflamed eye 50

20 Sudden painless loss of vision 52

Part 6 Gradual loss of vision

21 Gradual loss of vision 55

Part 7 Sub-specialty—Paediatric ophthalmology

22 Visual acuity in children 58

23 Strabismus (squints) 60

24 Neonates 62

25 Infants and older children 64

Part 8 Sub-specialty—Eyelid, lacrimation and orbit

26 Common eyelid lumps 66

27 Common eyelid malpositions 68

28 Lacrimation (tearing) 70

29 Basic orbital assessment 72

30 Orbit disease, thyroid eye disease and facial palsy 74

31 Ocular oncology 76

Part 9 Sub-specialty—External eye disease

32 Common conditions affecting the external eye 78

33 Common conditions affecting the cornea 81

34 Medical uses of contact lenses 84

Part 10 Sub-specialty—Corneal, refractive and cataract surgery

35 Corneal and laser refractive surgery 86

36 Cataract assessment 89

37 Cataract surgery 92

38 Cataract surgery postoperative care 94

Part 11 Sub-specialty—Glaucoma

39 Glaucoma: the basics 96

40 Detecting glaucoma 98

41 Medical and surgical treatment of glaucoma 100

Part 12 Sub-specialty—Vitreo-retinal

42 Retinal detachment 102

43 Retinal and choroidal anatomy and imaging 104

44 Inherited retinal disorders and age-related macular degeneration 106

45 Diabetic retinopathy classification and typical lesions 108

46 Diabetic retinopathy treatment 110

47 Retinal artery obstruction 112

48 Retinal vein occlusion 114

49 HIV infection and AIDS 117

50 Tropical ophthalmology: tropical eye disease 120

51 Tropical ophthalmology: global eye health 122

Part 13 Sub-specialty—Neuro-ophthalmology

52 Pupil abnormalities 124

53 Optic nerve disease 126

54 Cranial nerve palsies and eye movement disorders 128

55 Visual field defects 130

56 Giant cell arteritis 132

Appendix 1: Red eye—signs and symptoms of different causes 134

Appendix 2: The layers of the retina 135

Appendix 3: Pharmacological intraocular pressure (IOP)- lowering agents—mechanism of action and side effects 136

Appendix 4: Optical coherence tomography (OCT) reports 137

Appendix 5: Important clinical trials in AMD 138

Index 139