Diabetes

Having originally trained as a journalist, Erica Whettern spent 12 years providing editorial and consultancy services to the publishing industry before embarking on a career in nursing. Holding a BA Combined Honours in French and German and an M.Ed. in Education (with distinction) from Exeter University, she has published ELT titles under her maiden name (Hall) with Cambridge University Press, Pearson Education and Longman (Far East) Group. After obtaining her Diploma in (Adult) Nursing with distinction in 2004, she spent 4 years working in cardiothoracics before becoming a diabetes specialist nurse in 2008.

Contents

Introduction

Diabetes basics

Blood glucose regulation

Types of diabetes

Type 1 diabetes

Type 2 diabetes

Other types of diabetes

Symptoms of diabetes

Diagnosis

Diabetes

Impaired glucose regulation

Oral glucose tolerance test

Complications

Diabetes management

Self-management

Lifestyle

Diet

Carbohydrates

Fibre

Fat

Salt

Alcohol

Food labels

Exercise

Weight

Smoking

Medication

Insulin

Types of insulin/regimen

Administration

Injection sites

Storage

Side-effects

Other therapies

Tablets

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogues

Annual review

Glycaemic control

Monitoring

HbA1c

Target

Frequency

Capillary blood glucose (CBG)

Target

Frequency

Urinalysis

Ketones

Hyperglycaemia

Causes of hyperglycaemia

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)

Hyperglycaemic hyperosmolar state (HHS)

Sick-day rules

Hypoglycaemia

Causes of hypoglycaemia

Symptoms

Hypoglycaemic unawareness

Nocturnal hypoglycaemia

Treatment

Mild to moderate hypos

More severe hypos

Follow-on

Prevention

Erratic blood glucose

Inpatient care

Long-term complications

Prevention

Screening and monitoring

Footcare

Life with diabetes

Children and young people

Cultural background

Depression

Driving

Employment

End of life

Identification

Non-concordance

Older people

Physical activity

Pregnancy

Prescriptions

Special occasions

Support

Travel

Vaccinations

Glossary

References

Key documents

Useful websites