Progenitor and Stem Cell Technologies and Therapies

Anthony Atala, M.D., is the Director of the Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, and the W.H. Boyce Professor and Chair of the Department of Urology at Wake Forest University. Dr. Atala is a practicing surgeon and a researcher in the area of regenerative medicine. His current work focuses on growing new human cells, tissues and organs. Dr. Atala works with several journals and serves in various roles, including Editor-in-Chief of Current Stem Cell Research and Therapy, and Therapeutic Advances in Urology; as Associate Editor of the Journal of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, The Journal of Rejuvenation Research, Nanotechnology in Engineering and Medicine, Gene Therapy and Regulation, and Current Reviews in Urology; as Executive Board Member or Section Editor of the journal Tissue Engineering and International Journal of Artificial Organs, and as Editorial Board member of the International Journal of Stem Cells, Stem Cell Review Letters, Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy, Biomedical Materials, Recent Patents on Regenerative Medicine, the Journal of the American College of Surgeons, the Journal of Urology, BMC Urology, Urology, and Current Opinion in Urology. Dr. Atala is a recipient of the US Congress funded Christopher Columbus Foundation Award, bestowed on a living American who is currently working on a discovery that will significantly affect society, and the Gold Cystoscope Award for advances in his field. Dr. Atala was named by Scientific American as a Medical Treatments Leader of the Year for his contributions to the fields of cell, tissue and organ regeneration. In 2006, he was named by Fast Company magazine as one of 50 people who “will change how we work and live over the next 10 years. Dr. Atala’s work was listed as Discover Magazine`s Number 1 Top Science Story of the Year in the field of medicine, and as Time Magazine’s top 10 medical breakthroughs of the year in 2007. A Time Magazine poll ranked Dr. Atala as the 56th most influential person of the year in 2007. Esquire Magazine in 2008 named Dr. Atala one of the 75 most influential persons of the 21st century. Fast Company Magazine named Dr. Atala one of 100 Most Creative People in Business in 2009. Dr. Atala was featured in U.S. News & World Report as one of “14 Medical Pioneers Who Aren’t Holding Back.” Dr. Atala has led or served several national professional and government committees, including the National Institutes of Health working group on Cells and Developmental Biology, and the National Institutes of Health Bioengineering Consortium. He is currently an NIH “Quantum Grant” awardee. Dr. Atala heads a team of over 250 physicians and researchers. Ten applications of technologies developed in Dr. Atala's laboratory have been used clinically. He is the editor of nine books, including Minimally Invasive Urology, Methods of Tissue Engineering, Principles of Regenerative Medicine, and Foundations of Regenerative Medicine, and has published more than 300 journal articles and has applied for or received over 200 national and international patents.

Dedication

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Introduction

Part I: Basic principles of stem cells

Chapter 1: Basic principles for stem cell culture

Abstract:

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Understanding and standardization of in vitro culture systems

1.3 Quality assurance

1.4 Documentation

1.5 Safety

1.6 Legal, ethical and regulatory compliance

1.7 Education and training

1.8 Conclusion

1.9 Acknowledgement

Chapter 2: Basic principles of human embryonic stem cells

Abstract:

2.1 Introduction: biological properties of human embryonic stem cells (hESC)

2.2 Historical overview

2.3 Human embryonic stem cells (hESC) in therapy – current status and strategies for the future

2.4 Human embryonic stem cells (hESC) in drug discovery – current status and strategies for the future

2.5 Specific mutation-carrying (SMC) human embryonic stem cells (hESC)

2.6 Human embryonic stem cells (hESC) utilization, the next step

2.7 Conclusion

Chapter 3: Basic principles in generating induced pluripotent stem cells

Abstract:

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Evolution of reprogramming and the birth of induced pluripotency

3.3 Current methods for induced reprogramming

3.4 Conclusions and future prospects

Chapter 4: Basic principles of amniotic fluid and placenta stem cells

Abstract:

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Amniotic fluid and placenta in developmental biology

4.3 Isolation and characterization of progenitor cells

4.4 Differentiation of amniotic fluid- and placenta-derived progenitor cells

4.5 In vivo behavior of amniotic fluid stem cells

4.6 Amniotic fluid and placenta for cell therapy

4.7 Conclusion

4.8 Acknowledgment

Chapter 5: Basic principles of cord blood stem cells

Abstract:

5.1 Introduction: history of cord blood stem cell technology

5.2 Cord blood collection, processing and storage

5.3 Public and private cord blood banking

5.4 Cord blood haemopoietic stem cell transplantation

5.5 Cord blood mesenchymal stem cells

5.6 Current research and future developments

5.7 Cord blood transfusion

5.8 Conclusion

Chapter 6: Basic principles of multipotent stem cells

Abstract:

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Hematopoietic stem cells (HSC)

6.3 Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC)

6.4 Adult stem cells with broader potential

6.5 In vitro and in vivo differentiation potential of multipotent adult progenitor cells (MAPC)

6.6 Immunomodulatory properties of multipotent adult progenitor cells (MAPC)

6.7 Conclusion

Part II: Enabling cell therapy

Chapter 7: Intellectual property claims to stem cell technologies: research, clinical testing and product sales

Abstract:

7.1 Introduction

7.2 International overview of patent laws and stem cell policies

7.3 Introduction to the international stem cell patent landscape

7.4 Human embryonic stem cell patents

7.5 Advances in induced pluripotent stem cell patents (iPS cells)

7.6 Models for access to, and management of, stem cell patents

7.7 Conclusion

7.8 Acknowledgments

Chapter 8: Regulatory considerations of stem and progenitor cell-based products: US Food and Drug Administration

Abstract:

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Preparing the cellular component: chemistry, manufacturing and control considerations

8.3 Preclinical testing: pharmacology/toxicology considerations

8.4 Clinical trial considerations

8.5 Combination products: considerations when combining stem/progenitor cells with other components

8.6 Conclusion and future regulatory tools development

8.7 Acknowledgments

Chapter 9: Cell therapy commercialisation

Abstract:

9.1 Introduction: cells as therapies

9.2 The field to date

9.3 Commercialisation

9.4 Manufacturing

9.5 Future trends

9.6 Conclusion

9.7 Acknowledgements

9.8 Sources of further information

Chapter 10: Stem cell tourism

Abstract:

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Scope of the phenomenon

10.3 Problems relating to stem cell tourism

10.4 Responses

10.5 Conclusion

10.6 Acknowledgments

Part III: Tissue-specific progenitor cells

Chapter 11: Adipose tissue-derived stem cell biology and therapy

Abstract:

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Characterization of adipose tissue-derived stromal cells

11.3 Advantages of adipose tissue-derived stem cells over other cell sources

11.4 Adipose tissue-derived stromal cells for cardiovascular repair: a joint clinical and experimental approach

11.5 Conclusion: perspectives and open questions

11.6 Acknowledgements

Chapter 12: Umbilical cord blood (UCB) progenitor and stem cell biology and therapy

Abstract:

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Biological characterization of umbilical cord blood (UCB) stem/progenitor cells

12.3 Therapeutic potential of umbilical cord blood (UCB) stem/progenitor cells for tissue repair or regeneration

12.4 Conclusion and future perspectives

Chapter 13: Auditory progenitor stem cell biology and therapy

Abstract:

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Sources of auditory progenitors

13.3 Transdifferentiation or developmental progression?

13.4 Which is the best cell type and stage for transplantation?

13.5 Future trends

Chapter 14: Olfactory mucosa: neural stem and progenitor cells for nervous system repair and cell models of brain disease

Abstract:

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Olfactory mucosa as source of tissue-resident stem cells

14.3 Cells with clinical application

14.4 Preclinical and clinical studies

14.5 Olfactory stem cell models of human disease

14.6 Conclusion

14.7 Acknowledgements

Chapter 15: Oral cavity progenitor and stem cell biology and therapy

Abstract:

15.1 Introduction

15.2 Embryonic development of teeth and supporting tissues

15.3 Tooth bud-derived stem cell types and differentiation potential

15.4 Stem cells present in postnatal teeth

15.5 Unsolved problems in the use of dental stem cells

15.6 Conclusion

Chapter 16: Bone marrow mesenchymal progenitor and stem cell biology and therapy

Abstract:

16.1 Introduction

16.2 Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) biology

16.3 Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy

16.4 Conclusion

Chapter 17: Progenitor and stem cell therapies for cartilage repair

Abstract:

17.1 Introduction

17.2 Cell-based therapies for cartilage repair

17.3 Tissue engineering strategies for cartilage repair

17.4 Hurdles for cartilage tissue regeneration

17.5 Conclusion and future trends

17.6 Acknowledgement

Chapter 18: Cardiac stem and progenitor cell biology and therapy

Abstract:

18.1 Introduction: current concept of cardiac tissue homeostasis

18.2 From none to plenty: cardiac stem/progenitor cell populations within adult myocardium

18.3 Origin of cardiac stem cells in the adult human heart

18.4 Cardiac stem cell niche

18.5 Regeneration boosting

18.6 Conclusions

Chapter 19: Renal progenitor and stem cell biology and therapy

Abstract:

19.1 Introduction

19.2 Endogenous renal progenitor cells and regeneration

19.3 Summary and conclusions

Chapter 20: Lung progenitor and stem cell biology and therapy

Abstract:

20.1 Introduction: definitions of a diverse population

20.2 Lung development and stem cell zones

20.3 Resident lung stem cells and their niches

20.4 Circulating bone marrow-derived stem cells which home to the lung

20.5 Techniques for identification of lung stem cells

20.6 Disorders of lung stem cells and clinical applications in lung diseases

20.7 Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)

20.8 Conclusion: future directions for lung stem cells through bioengineered lung tissue

20.9 Acknowledgments

Chapter 21: Genitourinary progenitor and stem cell biology and therapy

Abstract:

21.1 Introduction

21.2 The basics of tissue engineering

21.3 Cells for use in urological tissue engineering

21.4 Biomaterials for urological tissue engineering

21.5 Tissue engineering of specific urologic structures

21.6 Conclusion

21.7 Acknowledgments

Index