Smith′s Textbook of Endourology 3e

Arthur D. Smith MD, Chief Emeritus, Arthur Smith Institute of Urology, North Shore Long Island Jewish Health System, New Hyde Park, NY, USA Glenn Preminger, Professor of Urology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA Gopal Badlani, Professor of Urology, Wake Forest University Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC, USA Louis Kavoussi, Chairman of Urology, Arthur Smith Institute of Urology, North Shore Long Island Jewish Health System, New Hyde Park, NY, USA

Foreword, xii Preface, xiii Contributors, xv VOLUME I SECTION 1: BASIC PRINCIPLES 1 Care and Sterilization of Instruments, 3 Carol Olsen 2 How to Protect Patients and Personnel from Radiation, 10 John G. Mancini & Michael N. Ferrandino 3 Video Imaging and Documentation, 19 Michael E. Lipkin, Charles D. Scales Jr, & Glenn M. Preminger 4 Preoperative Antibiotics and Prevention of Sepsis in Genitourinary Surgery, 38 Jorge Gutierrez-Aceves, Oscar Negrete-Pulido & Pedro Avila-Herrera 5 Management of Anticoagulation Therapy in Endoscopic and Laparoscopic Urologic Surgery, 53 Michael Poch & George E. Haleblian SECTION 2: PERCUTANEOUS RENAL SURGERY Part 1: Preoperative Considerations 6 Surgical Anatomy of the Kidney in the Prone, Oblique, and Supine Positions, 63 Francisco J. B. Sampaio 7 Pathophysiology of Urinary Tract Obstruction, 95 Frederick A. Gulmi & Diane Felsen 8 Special Anesthetic Considerations for Endourology: Ureteroscopy and Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy, 120 Sarah G. Bodin & Angela F. Edwards 9 Organizing the Operating Room for Percutaneous and Ureteroscopic Procedures and Laparoscopy, 135 Ravindra B. Sabnis & Shashikant Mishra, 135 Part 2: Patient Positioning for Percutaneous Access 10 Patient Positioning for Supine Access, 146 Jose Gabriel Valdivia-Uria 11 Prone, Lateral, and Flexed: Patient Positioning for Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy, 152 A. Andrew Ray & R. John D A. Honey Part 3: Imaging for Access 12 Percutaneous Renal Access Under Ultrasound Control, 173 Mahesh R. Desai & Arvind P. Ganpule 13 Percutaneous Renal Access Under Fluoroscopic Control, 180 Norberto O. Bernardo 14 Computed Tomography for Percutaneous Renal Access, 189 Khurshid R. Ghani, Uday Patel & Ken Anson 15 Endoscopic Guidance for Percutaneous Renal Access, 200 Michael K. Louie & Elspeth M. McDougall Part 4: Selection of Access and Dilation 16 Upper Calyx Access for Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy, 206 Davis P. Viprakasit & Nicole L. Miller 17 Percutaneous Renal Access without Image Guidance, 214 Arvin K. George & Arthur D. Smith 18 Retrograde Access for Percutaneous Renal Surgery, 219 Burak Turna & Robert J. Stein 19 Percutaneous Renal Surgery Selection of Access: Robotic, 227 Michelle Jo Semins, Dan Stoianovici & Brian R. Matlaga 20 Dilation of the Nephrostomy Tract, 232 Petar Erdeljan & Hassan Razvi Part 5: Stone Removal 21 Rigid and Flexible Nephroscopy, 240 Mantu Gupta & Hiroshi Katsumi 22 Percutaneous Treatment of Ureteral Stones, 253 Oscar Schatloff, Amir Cooper & Yoram I. Siegel 23 Special Problems with Staghorn Calculi, 260 Kevan M. Sternberg & Timothy D. Averch 24 Percutaneous Lithotripsy and Stone Extraction, 268 Michael S. Lasser & Gyan Pareek Part 6: Other Uses of Nephrostomy Access 25 Percutaneous Treatment of Calyceal Diverticula, Infundibular Stenosis, and Simple Renal Cysts, 277 Amy E. Krambeck & James E. Lingeman 26 Percutaneous Instillation of Chemolytic, Chemotherapeutic, and Antifungal Agents, 290 Mohamed A. Elkoushy, Philippe D. Violette & Sero Andonian 27 Percutaneous Treatment of Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction, 310 Paul J. Van Cangh 28 Percutaneous Management of Upper Urinary Tract Transitional Cell Carcinoma, 316 Jonathan J. Rhee & Thomas W. Jarrett Part 7: Exit Strategy and Complications 29 Exit Strategy After Percutaneous Renal Surgery: Drainage and Hemostasis, 326 Arun K. Srinivasan, Zeph Okeke & Arthur D. Smith 30 Hemorrhagic Complications Associated with Renal Surgery, 334 Ardeshir R. Rastinehad, Sero Andonian, & David N. Siegel 31 Diagnosis and Management of Thoracic Complications of Percutaneous Renal Surgery, 340 Jennifer Yates & Ravi Munver 32 Bowel and Other Organ Injury during Percutaneous Renal Surgery, 349 Saeed Al-Qahtani & Olivier Traxer SECTION 3: URETEROSCOPY Part 1: General Principles 33 Ureteral Anatomy, 357 Dorit E. Zilberman 34 Rigid and Flexible Ureteroscopes: Technical Features, 365 David A. Payne & Francis X. Keeley, Jr 35 Ureteroscopy Working Instruments, 388 Renato N. Pedro & Manoj Monga 36 Access to the Ureter: Rigid Ureteroscopy, 395 Fernando C. Delvecchio 37 Access to the Ureter: Flexible Ureteroscopy, 402 Ojas Shah & Elias Hyams 38 Ureteroscopic Management of Ureteral Calculi, 412 Gautam Jayram & Glenn S. Gerber 39 Ureteroscopic Management of Renal Calculi, 418 Sven Lahme 40 Diagnostic Ureteroscopy, 429 Michael J. Conlin 41 Ureteroscopic Diagnosis and Treatment of Upper Urinary Tract Neoplasms, 436 Demetrius H. Bagley Part 2: Ureteroscopic Management of Ureteral Obstruction 42 Retrograde Ureteroscopic Endopyelotomy for Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction, 453 Ugur Boylu & Raju Thomas 43 Mid-Ureteral Obstruction, 461 Mrinal Dhar & Michael Grasso 44 Distal Ureteral Strictures, 472 Amin S. Herati & Mohamed A. Atalla 45 Endoscopic Management of Ureteroenteric Strictures, 481 Davis P. Viprakasit & S. Duke Herrell 46 Ureteroscopy: Ureteral Stents and Postoperative Care, 495 Ben H. Chew & Ryan F. Paterson 47 Ureteroscopy Complications, 506 Petrisor Geavlete 48 Ureteroscopy into the Future: Robotic Ureteroscopy, 519 Monish Aron SECTION 4: SHOCK-WAVE LITHOTRIPSY 49 Physics of Shock-Wave Lithotripsy, 529 Robin O. Cleveland & James A. McAteer 50 Lithotripsy Systems, 559 Geert G. Tailly 51 Shock-Wave Treatment of Renal Calculi, 576 Hans-Goran Tiselius 52 Shock-Wave Lithotripsy of Ureteral Calculi, 598 Damien M. Bolton & Anthony Ta 53 Complications of Shock-Wave Lithotripsy, 612 Fang Jann Lee & Yeh Hong Tan SECTION 5: STONE MANAGEMENT IN UROLOGY Part 1: General Principles 54 Natural History of Stones, 625 Michael G. Santomauro & Brian K. Auge 55 Initial Choice of Therapy in the Urinary Stone Patient, 634 Peter L. Steinberg & David M. Hoenig 56 Management of Urolithiasis during Pregnancy, 644 Petar Erdeljan & John D. Denstedt 57 Management of Stones in Obesity, 654 Omer Levent Tuncay, Cenk Acar & Saadettin Eskicorapci 58 Management of Residual Stone Fragments, 662 Andreas Skolarikos 59 Management of Renal Colic and Triage in the Emergency Room, 675 Marius Cloete Conradie 60 Anesthesia for the Endourologic Management of Stone Disease, 688 John Di Capua, Harold Kim, Kenneth Cordero & Beatrice Saldana Ferretti Part 2: Management of Stones in Abnormal Situations 61 Horseshoe Kidney, 702 Wan Wan Yap, Tze Wah & Adrian D. Joyce 62 Associated Conditions and Treatment of the Pelvic Kidney, 707 Nadya M. Cinman, Zeph Okeke & Arthur D. Smith 63 Management of Stone Disease in Renal Transplant Kidneys, 716 Ali Riza Kural & Can Obek 64 Stones in Urinary Diversions: Causes and Treatment, 725 Zeph Okeke, Zhamshid Okhunov & Arthur D. Smith 65 Management of Pediatric Stone Disease: Endourologic Techniques, 735 Marc C. Smaldone, Daniel P. Casella & Michael C. Ost Part 3: Cost-Effectiveness and Long-Term Stenting 66 Cost-Effective Strategies for Management of Renal and Ureteral Calculi, 756 Sara Best, Yair Lotan & Margaret S. Pearle 67 Long-Term Stenting of the Ureter, 772 Evangelos Liatsikos, Panagiotis Kallidonis, Dimitrios Karnabatidis & Theodoros Petsas Index to Volumes I and II VOLUME II SECTION 6: LAPAROSCOPY AND ROBOTIC SURGERY Part 1: General Principles 68 Patient Preparation and Operating Room Set-up for Laparoscopic and Robotic Surgery, 785 Sarah P. Conley & Benjamin R. Lee 69 Anesthetic Considerations during Laparoscopic and Robotic Surgery, 793 Alan Butler, Kenneth Cordero & John Di Capua 70 Pneumoperitoneum: Physiologic Effects, 811 Jay D. Raman & Jeffrey A. Cadeddu Part 2: Instrumentation and Access 71 Laparoscopy: Basic Instrumentation, 827 Khaled Shahrour & Stephen V. Jackman 72 Robotic Surgery: Basic Instrumentation and Troubleshooting, 843 Wooju Jeong, Firas Petros & Craig Rogers 73 Minimally Invasive Urologic Reconstructive Techniques: Suture, Staple, and Clip Technology, 848 Michael J. Schwartz 74 Obtaining Access: Transperitoneal Approach and Trocar Placement, 858 Debora K. Moore, John C. Coleman & Robert G. Moore 75 Retroperitoneal Access, 874 Ali Moinzadeh 76 Basic Hand-Assisted Laparoscopic Techniques, 878 J. Stuart Wolf Jr Part 3: Laparoscopy and Robotics in Adults 77 Pelvic Lymphadenectomy, 893 Steven M. Lucas & Chandru P. Sundaram 78 Endoscopic Subcutaneous Modified Inguinal Lymph Node Dissection for Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Penis, 917 Jay T. Bishoff 79 Laparoscopic Retroperitoneal Lymph Node Dissection, 924 Thomas J. Guzzo & Mohamad E. Allaf 80 Laparoscopic Varicocelectomy, 932 Duong Tu & Kenneth I. Glassberg 81 Renal Surgery for Benign Disease, 940 Sean P. Hedican & Stephen Y. Nakada 82 Laparoscopic Living Donor Nephrectomy, 992 Jonathan D. Harper, Alberto Breda & Peter G. Schulam 83 Renal Surgery for Malignant Disease: Radical Nephrectomy and Nephroureterectomy, 1000 Ben R. McHone, Thomas W. Jarrett & Peter A. Pinto 84 Renal Surgery for Malignant Disease: Nephron-Sparing Surgery, 1014 Pascal Zehnder, Manuel S. Eisenberg & Inderbir S. Gill 85 Laparoscopic and Robotic Adrenalectomy, 1025 Daniel Yong, Matvey Tsivian & David M. Albala 86 Laparoscopic and Robotic Reconstructive Surgery of the Ureter, 1036 Ioannis Varkarakis 87 Laparoscopic and Robotic Techniques for the Management of Pelvic Organ Prolapse, 1060 Courtenay K. Moore & Raymond R. Rackley 88 Laparoscopic and Robotic Techniques for Repair of Female Genitourinary Fistulas, 1068 Lalgudi N. Dorairajan & Ashok K. Hemal 89 Laparoscopic and Robotic Bladder Surgery, 1079 Koon Ho Rha, Enrique Ian S. Lorenzo & Cheol Kyu Oh 90 Laparoscopic Radical Prostatectomy, 1094 Jens Rassweiler, Giovannalberto Pini, Marcel Hruza, Ali Serdar Goezen & Dogu Teber 91 Robot-Assisted Radical Prostatectomy, 1119 Jason Y. Lee, Douglas W. Skarecky & Thomas E. Ahlering 92 Optimizing Outcomes During Laparoscopic and Robot-Assisted Radical Prostatectomy: Oncologic Concerns, Potency, and Continence, 1135 Daniel Willis & Li-Ming Su 93 Minimally Invasive Simple Prostatectomy, 1147 Matthew H. Hayn & Khurshid A. Guru 94 Laparoscopic and Robotic Surgery of the Seminal Vesicles, 1152 James C. Brien & Michael D. Fabrizio 95 Laparoscopic Abdominal Wall Hernias: Incisional, Parastomal, and Inguinal Hernia Repairs, 1160 Thai T. Nguyen & Howard N. Winfi eld Part 4: Laparoscopy and Robotics in Children 96 Laparoscopic and Robotic Pyeloplasty in Children, 1179 Craig A. Peters 97 Pediatric Laparoscopic and Robot-Assisted Laparoscopic Renal Surgery, 1188 Brian A. VanderBrink & Michael C. Ost 98 Minimally Invasive Techniques in Lower Urinary Tract Reconstruction, 1201 Arun Srinivasan, Gianmarco Isgro & Salvatore Micali 99 Laparoscopic Management of the Undescended Testicle, 1208 Lane S. Palmer Part 5: Exit Strategy and Complications 100 Laparoscopic Exit: Specimen Removal, Closure, and Drainage, 1219 Ricardo A. Natalin, Jaime Landman & Adam C. Mues 101 Complications in Urologic Laparoscopy, 1230 David Canes, Camilo Giedelman & Rene Sotelo Part 6: LESS and NOTES 102 LESS and NOTES: History and Introduction, 1241 Pradeep P. Rao & Prashanth P. Rao 103 NOTES: Instruments, Platforms, and Endoscopes, 1248 Mark D. Sawyer & Lee E. Ponsky 104 NOTES: Access and Exit, 1258 Candace F. Granberg & Matthew T. Gettman 105 NOTES: Clinical Experience in Urology, 1266 Geoffery N. Box 106 Laparoendoscopic Single-Site Surgery: Ports, Access, and Instrumentation, 1274 Michael A. White & Jihad H. Kaouk 107 Laparoendoscopic Single-Site Upper Tract Surgery, 1283 Soroush Rais-Bahrami, Abhay Rane & Lee Richstone 108 Laparoendoscopic Single-Site Lower Tract Surgery, 1292 Mihir M. Desai SECTION 7: IMAGE-GUIDED DIAGNOSTICS AND THERAPEUTICS Part 1: Upper Tract 109 Radiologic Diagnosis of Renal Masses, 1299 Gail S. Smith, Carolyn K. Donaldson & Richard M. Gore 110 Renal Mass Biopsy, 1327 Kurdo Barwari, M.Pilar Laguna & Jean de la Rosette 111 Percutaneous Radiofrequency Ablation of Kidney Tumors, 1342 Obi Ekwenna, Rajan Ramanathan & Raymond J. Leveillee 112 Percutaneous Cryoablation for Renal Tumors, 1358 Manish A. Vira Part 2: Lower Tract 113 Image-Guided Prostate Brachytherapy, 1371 Louis Potters & Lucille Lee 114 Image-Guided External Beam Radiotherapy, 1376 Lucille Lee & Louis Potters 115 High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound of the Prostate, 1393 Christian G. Chaussy & Stefan Thuroff 116 Cryotherapy of the Prostate, 1406 Matvey Tsivian & Thomas J. Polascik 117 Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound in Urology, 1416 Bastiaan Brand, Jean de la Rosette & Hessel Wijkstra 118 Endorectal MRI: Use in Prostate Cancer, 1425 Abhishek Srivastava, Sonal Grover, Prasanna Sooriakumaran & Ashutosh Tewari Part 3: Angioembolization of the Urinary Tract 119 Angioembolization in Urology, 1438 Ardeshir R. Rastinehad, Peter A. Pinto & David N. Siegel SECTION 8: LOWER URINARY TRACT Part 1: Assessment of Voiding Dysfunction/Prostate 120 Assessment of Outfl ow Obstruction and Sphincteric Incontinence in Men: A Urodynamic and Fluoroscopic Perspective, 1451 Hiroshi Katsumi, Matthew P. Rutman & Jerry G. Blaivas 121 Offi ce-Based Cystoscopy: Continued Advances, 1463 Judson D. Davies & Sam S. Chang Part 2: Offi ce/Ambulatory Set-up for Minimally Invasive Treatment of the Prostate 122 Equipment Set-up and Patient Handouts, 1468 Mayank Mohan Agarwal, Crystal R. Combs & Gopal H. Badlani 123 Local Anesthesia for Minimally Invasive Treatment of the Prostate in the Offi ce Setting, 1481 Jay Hollander & Damon Dyche Part 3: Offi ce-Based Treatment for the Prostate 124 Microwave Therapy, 1490 Stavros Gravas 125 Transurethral Needle Ablation of the Prostate, 1503 Alexandre R. Zlotta & Cynthia Kuk 126 Prostate Laser Vaporization Using the 980-nm Laser System, 1522 James C. Ulchaker Part 4: Day Operative Procedures for Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia 127 Holmium Laser Therapy of the Prostate, 1526 Hazem M. Elmansy & Mostafa M. Elhilali 128 532-nm High-Power Transurethral Laser Prostatectomy, 1536 Bilal Chughtai, Melissa Laudano, Richard Lee & Alexis E. Te 129 Thulium Lasers, 1548 Andreas J. Gross 130 Interstitial Laser Therapy, 1558 Rolf Muschter Part 5: Ablation of the Prostate 131 Electrosurgery of the Prostate: Improvements in Electrosurgical Unit, Transurethral Vaporization of the Prostate, and Bipolar Resection, 1575 Ranan DasGupta & Anup Patel 132 Monopolar Energy, 1592 Madhu S. Agrawal, Himanshu Yadav & Mayank Agarwal 133 Bipolar Resection, 1602 Jaspreet S. Sandhu 134 Bipolar Vaporization of the Prostate, 1610 Kyle A. Richards & Gopal H. Badlani Part 6: Intra- and Trans-vesical Procedures 135 Single-Port Transvesical Simple Prostatectomy, 1617 Rene Sotelo, Camilo Giedelman & Mihir Desai 136 Bladder Injections for Refractory Overactive Bladder, 1625 Mehrdad Alemozaffar & Anurag K. Das 137 STING Procedure for Refl ux, 1633 Steve J. Hodges 138 Minimally Invasive Therapy for Interstitial Cystitis/Painful Bladder Syndrome, 1640 Sylvia Montag & Robert Moldwin Part 7: Endoscopic and Minimally Invasive Approach to Strictures 139 Incision: Endoscopic Management of Urethral Stenoses, 1650 Jeremy B. Tonkin, Kurt A. McCammon & Gerald H. Jordan 140 Bladder Neck Contracture Following Radical Prostatectomy, 1661 Timothy B. Boone Part 8: Incontinence 141 Bioinjectables for SUI (Stress Urinary Incontinence), 1666 John J. Smith III & Simone Crivellaro 142 Single-Incision Slings, 1672 Michael J. Kennelly & Erinn Myers 143 Mid-Urethral Slings for the Treatment of Female Stress Urinary Incontinence, 1684 Eva Fong, Sagar Shah & Victor Nitti 144 Maxi/Pubovaginal Sling, 1699 Bhavin Patel & Gopal Badlani 145 Mesh Kits for Vaginal Prolapse Surgery, 1706 G. Willy Davila 146 Male Slings for Treatment of Post-Prostatectomy Incontinence, 1714 Ajay Nehra & E. Fred McPhail Index to Volumes I and II