Pharmacological Approaches to the Treatment of Brain and Spinal Cord Injury
Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers (Verlag)
978-0-306-42732-9 (ISBN)
- Titel ist leider vergriffen;
keine Neuauflage - Artikel merken
1. Therapeutic Approaches in Subjects with Brain Lesions.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Developmental, Degenerative, and Regenerative Factors Related to Brain Plasticity.- 3. Mechanisms of Cell Damage Linked to Ischemia.- 4. Drugs Used to Treat Ischemic Cell Damage.- 5. Management of Medical and Neurological Complications.- 6. Requirements in the Design of a Clinical Trial.- 7. Individualization of Drug Therapy.- 8. The GABA Technique of Reversible Brain Dysfunction.- References.- 2. Arachidonic Acid Metabolites and Membrane Lipid Changes in Central Nervous System Injury.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Membrane Lipid Changes in CNS Injury.- 2.1. Direct Membrane Effects.- 2.2. Eicosanoid Production.- 3. Pharmacological Intervention.- 3.1. Direct Membrane Protection.- 3.2. Eicosanoid Blockade.- 4. Research in Progress.- 5. Conclusion.- References.- 3. Experimental Spinal Cord Injury: Strategies for Acute and Chronic Intervention Based on Anatomic, Physiological, and Behavioral Studies.- 1. Introduction and a Brief History of Spinal Cord Injury Research.- 2. Current Methods for Lesion Production.- 2.1. Impact Injuries.- 2.2. Slow(er) Compression Injuries.- 3. The Time Course of Events following Injury.- 3.1. The Acute Phase and the Concept of a Progressive Lesion.- 3.2. The Chronic Phase: Potential Reorganization and Rehabilitation.- 4. The Features of the Lesion.- 4.1. At the Impact Site.- 4.2. The Distributed Nature of the Lesion.- 5. Assessing Behavioral and Neurological Recovery.- 6. Examples of Attempts at Pharmacological Intervention.- 6.1. In the Acute Phase.- 6.2. In the Chronic Phase.- 6.3. Adjuncts to Pharmacological Treatment.- 7. Studies Using the Ohio State Impaction Device.- 7.1. The Ohio State Feedback-Controlled Impactor.- 7.2. Production of Lesions with Predictable Outcomes.- 7.3. The Role of Ionic Ca2+ in the Acute Phase.- 8. Future Strategies for Pharmacological Intervention.- 8.1. In the Acute Phase.- 8.2. In the Chronic Phase.- 9. Summary and Conclusions.- References.- 4. Serotonin Antagonists Reduce Central Nervous System Ischemic Damage.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Review of the Effects of Serotonin in Stroke.- 3. New Methods for the Study of CNS Ischemia.- 3.1. Rabbit Spinal Cord Ischemia Model.- 3.2. Microsphere Embolic Stroke Model.- 4. Biochemical Studies of the Effects of Serotonin in CNS Ischemia.- 5. Pharmacological Studies of the Effects of Serotonin Antagonists and Agonists in CNS Ischemia.- 6. Microsphere Studies of the Effects of Serotonin Antagonists on Stroke.- References.- 5. Opiate Antagonists in CNS Injury.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Opiate Antagonists.- 3. Rationale for Use of Opiate Antagonists in CNS Injury.- 3.1. Opiate Antagonists in the Treatment of Spinal Cord Injury.- 3.2. Opiate Antagonists and Traumatic Brain Injury.- 4. Role of Specific Opioids and Opiate Receptors in CNS Injury.- 5. Opiate Antagonists in CNS Injury: Clinical Studies.- 6. Future Directions.- References.- 6. Adaptive Changes in Central Dopaminergic Neurons after Injury: Effects of Drugs.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Anatomy and Function of Mesencephalic Dopaminergic Neurons.- 3. Compensatory Changes in Transmitter Release.- 4. Pharmacological Stimulation of DA Synthesis and Release in Dopaminergic Neurons Surviving Partial Nigrostriatal Lesions.- 5. Compensatory Changes in Postsynaptic Receptor Sensitivity.- References.- 7. Catecholamines and Recovery of Function after Brain Damage.- 1. Historical Background.- 1.1. Tactile Placing.- 1.2. Visual Cliff.- 1.3. Hemiplegic Rat Model.- 1.4. Norepinephrine and the Importance of Experience.- 1.5. Hemiplegic Cat Model.- 1.6. Binocular Vision.- 2. Theoretical Bases.- 2.1. Morphological Changes.- 2.2. Vicariation.- 2.3. Behavioral Substitution.- 2.4. Cerebral Blood Flow and Cholinergic System.- 2.5. Diaschisis, RFD, and Metabolic Studies.- 3. Recent Data.- 3.1. Cytochrome Oxidase.- 3.2. Idazoxan.- 3.3. Locus Coeruleus and Cerebellum.- 3.4. Phentermine and Phenylpropanolamine.- 3.5. Transplants.- 3.6. Cortical Contusion.- 3.7. Clinical Data.- 3.8. Drug Contraindications.- 4. Future Directions.- 4.1. Mechanisms.- 4.2. Optimizing Therapy.- References.- 8. Ganglioside Involvement in Membrane-Mediated Transfer of Trophic Information: Relationship to GM1 Effects following CNS Injury.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1. Neuronotrophic Activity after Injury.- 1.2. Trophic Effects and Exogenous Factors.- 1.3. Trophic Effects and Membrane Constituents.- 2. Evidence for Ganglioside Involvement in the Biotransduction of Membrane-Mediated Information.- 2.1. Chemical Diversity of the Gangliosides.- 2.2. Tissue Distribution and Cellular Localization.- 2.3. Membrane Organization.- 3. Evidence for Ganglioside Involvement in Neuronal Cell Responsiveness to Neuronotrophic Factors.- 3.1. Studies in Normal Neuronal Development and “Accidents of Nature”.- 3.2. Studies Utilizing Neuroblastoma Cells.- 3.3. Studies Utilizing Primary PNS Neurons and PC12 Cells.- 3.4. Studies Utilizing Primary CNS Neurons.- 4. GM1 Effects in Vivo: Possible Relationship with Neuronotrophic Factors.- References.- 9. Anatomic Mechanisms whereby Ganglioside Treatment Induces Brain Repair: What Do We Really Know?.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Regeneration and Sprouting after Brain Injury.- 2.1. Gangliosides in Development and Peripheral Nerve Regeneration.- 2.2. Sprouting in Adulthood.- 2.3. Sprouting in Development.- 2.4. Conclusions on Sprouting.- 3. Preventing Secondary Degeneration after Brain Injury.- 3.1. Degeneration in Adulthood.- 3.2. Degeneration in Development.- 4. Other Mechanisms.- 4.1. Denervation Supersensitivity.- 4.2. Synaptic Efficiency.- 5. Discussion.- 6. Recommendations for Future Research.- References.- 10. Gangliosides and Functional Recovery from Brain Injury.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Behavioral Recovery following Damage to the Septohippocampal System.- 3. Behavioral Recovery following Damage or Denervation of Cortical Structures.- 3.1. Recovery after Lesions to the Cholinergic Forebrain Nuclei.- 3.2. Recovery after Cortical Lesions.- 3.3. Recovery after Ischemia.- 4. Behavioral Recovery following Nigrostriatal Damage.- 4.1. Early Studies on Recovery following Nigrostriatal Damage.- 4.2. Later Studies on Recovery after Nigrostriatal Damage.- 4.3. Recent Data on Recovery after Nigrostriatal Damage.- 4.4. Recent Data on Recovery after Bilateral Lesions of the Caudate Nucleus.- 5. General Discussion and Conclusions.- References.- 11. Acute Ganglioside Effects Limit CNS Injury: Functional and Biochemical Consequences.- 1. Long-Term Ganglioside Effects: Increased Plasticity.- 2. Acute Ganglioside Effects.- 2.1. Unilateral Entorhinal Cortical Lesions.- 2.2. Bilateral Entorhinal Cortical Lesions.- 2.3. Nigrostriatal Transection: Reduced Asymmetry.- 3. GM1 Ganglioside Reduces Edema: Protection of Membrane Na + ,K + -ATPase.- 3.1. Membrane Na +,K + -ATPase.- 3.2. Protection of Striatal Na +,K + -ATPase after Hemitransection.- 4. Ganglioside Treatment Reduces Mortality from Ischemia.- 4.1. Global Ischemia Model.- 4.2. Reduced Mortality following Ganglioside Injections.- 5. Mechanism: Membrane Protection.- References.- 12. A Rationale for the Use of Melanocortins in Neural Injury.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Trophic Influences of Melanocortins in Development.- 3. Melanocortins and CNS Plasticity.- 4. Regeneration in the Peripheral Nervous System.- 5. Melanocortins and PNS Plasticity.- 5.1. Recovery of Function following a Crush Lesion.- 5.2. Route of Administration.- 5.3. Electrophysiology.- 5.4. Histology.- 6. Neurotrophic Effect and Pathophysiological Mechanism.- 7. Local Application of ?-MSH and the Repair of Transected Rat Sciatic Nerve.- 8. Clinical Perspectives.- References.- 13. Developmental Neurobiology and Physiopathology of Brain Injury.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Neuronal Proliferation.- 3. Neuronal Migration.- 3.1. Plasminogen Activators.- 3.2. Cell Adhesion Molecules.- 3.3. Extracellular Matrix Components.- 4. Neuronal Stabilization.- 4.1. Neuronotrophic Factors.- 4.2. Neuronotoxic Factors.- 4.3. Interference between Neuronotrophic and Neuronotoxic Activities.- 5. Growth (Mitogenic) Factors.- 6. Conclusion.- References.- 14. Growth-Associated Triggering Factors and Central Nervous System Response to Injury.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Background and Literature Survey.- 2.1. Regeneration-Associated Events in the Neuron.- 2.2. Neuronal—Microenvironment Reciprocal Relationship.- 3. Results Obtained in the Visual System.- 3.1. Modifications of Neuronal Environment and Regeneration.- 3.2. Messenger RNA Derived from Nonneuronal Cells and Regeneration.- References.- 15. Growth Factor Induction and Order of Events in CNS Repair.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Cellular Events That Follow CNS Injury.- 3. Neuronal Survival after CNS Injury.- 3.1. Central Neuronotrophic Factors and Secondary Neuronal Death.- 3.2. Excitotoxicity and Secondary Neuronal Death.- 3.3. Preventing Secondary Neuronal Death.- 3.4. Replacing Lost Neurons: Injury-Induced Neuronotrophic Factors and Transplant Survival.- 4. Reactive and Regenerative Growth after CNS Injury.- 4.1. Reactive Synaptogenesis.- 4.2. Functional Significance of Reactive Synaptogenesis.- 4.3. Neurite-Promoting Factors and Axonal Sprouting.- 4.4. Regenerative Synaptogenesis and Transplant—Host Integration.- 5. Multiple Roles of Astroglia.- 5.1. The “Glial Scar” or Neo-Glia Limitans.- 5.2. The Control of Glial Populations in Adult CNS: Mitogens, Morphogens, and Inhibitors.- 5.3. Astrocytes Accumulate and Detoxify Glutamate.- 5.4. Astrocytes Produce Factors That Promote Neuronal Survival, Sprouting, and Substrate Attachment.- 5.5. Transplants of Purified Astrocytes Promote Functional Recovery.- 5.6. Control of the Neural Environment by Astrocytes: A Neuron—Astrocyte Unit of Function.- 6. Cellular Sources of Trophic Factors.- 7. Timing of the Intervention in CNS Repair.- 8. Conclusion.- References.- 16. Nerve Growth Factor: Effects on CNS Neurons and on Behavioral Recovery from Brain Damage.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Nerve Growth Factor and Its Effects on PNS Neurons.- 3. Effects of NGF on CNS Neurons.- 4. Effects of NGF on Behavior.- 5. Discussion.- References.- 17. Recovery from Stroke.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Pharmacological Intervention and First-Stage Recovery.- 3. Pharmacological Treatment in Second-Stage Recovery.- 4. Factors in Second-Stage Recovery.- 5. The Measurements of Deficit.- 6. Recovery Rates and Time Intervals.- 7. Lesion Size and Recovery.- 8. Lesion Location and Recovery.- 9. Cerebral Asymmetry.- 10. Functional Reorganization.- 11. Implications for Pharmacological Trials in Patients.- References.
Zusatzinfo | XXII, 386 p. |
---|---|
Verlagsort | New York |
Sprache | englisch |
Gewicht | 711 g |
Themenwelt | Medizin / Pharmazie ► Medizinische Fachgebiete ► Chirurgie |
Medizin / Pharmazie ► Medizinische Fachgebiete ► Neurologie | |
Medizin / Pharmazie ► Medizinische Fachgebiete ► Pharmakologie / Pharmakotherapie | |
Medizin / Pharmazie ► Pharmazie | |
Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie | |
ISBN-10 | 0-306-42732-X / 030642732X |
ISBN-13 | 978-0-306-42732-9 / 9780306427329 |
Zustand | Neuware |
Haben Sie eine Frage zum Produkt? |
aus dem Bereich