Manual for Eye Examination and Diagnosis

Mark W. Leitman, M.D., is Chairman of the Department of Ophthalmology, University Surgicenter, East Brunswick, New Jersey

In sequence of eye examination Preface viii Introduction ix 1 Medical history 1 Medical illnesses 3 Medications 4 Family history of eye disease 6 2 Measurement of vision and refraction 7 Visual acuity 7 Optics 8 Refraction 10 Contact lenses 13 Types of contact lenses 15 Common problems 17 Refractive surgery 17 3 Neuro-ophthalmology 21 Eye movements 21 Strabismus 24 Cranial nerves II VIII 32 Nystagmus 33 The pupil 37 Visual field testing 41 Circulatory disturbances affecting vision 44 4 External structures 48 Lymph nodes 48 Lacrimal system 48 Lids 54 Blepharoptosis (also called ptosis) 55 Lashes 57 Phakomatoses 59 Anterior and posterior blepharitis 61 5 The orbit 64 Sinusitis 65 Exophthalmos 67 Enophthalmos 68 6 Slit lamp examination and glaucoma 69 Cornea 69 Corneal epithelial disease 70 Corneal endothelial disease 74 Corneal transplantation (keratoplasty) 75 Conjunctiva 80 Sclera 85 Glaucoma 87 Uvea 99 Anti-inflammatories 107 Sarcoidosis 107 Nematodes 110 Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) 111 Cataracts 116 7 The retina and vitreous 123 Retinal anatomy 123 Fundus examination 125 Fluorescein angiography 126 Papilledema (choked disk) 127 Hypertensive retinopathy 131 Diabetic retinopathy (front cover) 134 Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) 137 Vitreous 145 Retinal holes and detachments (RD) 148 Index 151 Appendix 1: Hyperlipidemia 155 Appendix 2: Amsler grid 157