Articulatory and Phonological Impairments

Jacqueline Bauman-Waengler, Ph.D., is a Consultant, Speech/Language Specialist currently affiliated with Western Psychological Corporation in Los Angeles, California.

Contents

Preface 

Glossary 

Chapter 1 Clinical Framework: Basic Terms and Concepts  

Communication, Speech, and Language

Subdivisions of Language  

Articulation and Speech Sounds: Phonology and Phonemes

Articulation Disorders versus Phonological Disorders

Summary  

Case Study  

Think Critically  
Test Yourself

Websites  

Further Readings 




Chapter 2     Phonetics — Articulatory Phonetics  

Phonetics: Definitions and Classification

Vowels versus Consonants  

   American English Vowels  

   American English Consonants  

Sounds in Context: Coarticulation and Assimilation  

Syllable Structure  

Summary 

Case Study  

Think Critically  
Test Yourself 

Websites  

Further Readings 




Chapter 3     Phonetic Transcription and Diacritics  

Phonetic Transcription as a Notational System  

Why Use Phonetic Transcription?  

Diacritics  

   Diacritics Used with Consonants  

   Diacritics Used with Vowels  

   Diacritics for Stress, Duration, and Syllable Boundaries  

Clinical Implications  

Summary 

Case Study

Think Critically 
Test Yourself  

Websites 

Further Readings 

 

Chapter 4      Normal Phonological Development  

Aspects of Structural and Functional Development  

Aspects of Perceptual Development  

Prelinguistic Stages: Before the First Words  

  Vocoids  

   Contoids  

   Syllable Shapes  

   Babbling and Its Relationship to Later Language Development  

   Prosodic Feature Development  

Transition from Babbling to First Words  

The First Fifty Words  

   Segmental Form Development  

   Prosodic Feature Development  

The Preschool Child  

   Segmental Form Development: Vowels  

   Segmental Form Development: Consonants  

   Phonological Processes  

  Prosodic Feature Development

  English as a Second Language: Considerations for Phonological Development in Children        

The School-Age Child  

Segmental Form Development  

Phonological Awareness, Emerging Literacy, and Phonological Disorders  

       Prosodic Feature Development  

Summary

Case Study 

Think Critically  

Test Yourself  

Websites 

Further Readings


Chapter 5   Appraisal: Collection of Data  

Evaluation by the Clinician  

Initial Impression  

Articulation Tests  

   Some Advantages and Disadvantages of Articulation Tests  

   Factors to Consider When Selecting a Measure of Articulation

   Assessment Procedures to Supplement Articulation Tests  

   Organizing Articulation Test Results: Describing the Error  

   Stimulability Testing  

Spontaneous Speech Sample  

   Organizing the Continuous Speech Sample  

Evaluation of the Speech Mechanism  

   What to Look for When Evaluating the Speech Mechanism  

Selection of Additional Assessment Measures  

   Hearing Screening  

   Language Testing  

   Specific Auditory Perceptual Testing  

 Cognitive Appraisal  

Special Considerations  

   The Child with Emerging Phonology  

   The Unintelligible Child  

Summary of the Data  

Summary 

Case Study  

Think Critically 

Test Yourself 

Websites 

Further Readings

Appendix 6.1: Speech-Motor Assessment Screening Form

  

Chapter 6     Dialects and English as a Second Language

Dialects

   Regional Dialects

   Ethnicity

   African American Vernacular English

The Speaker of English as a Second Language

     Spanish American English

   Vietnamese American English

   Cantonese American English

   Hmong American English

   Korean American English

   Arabic American English  


Implications for Appraisal

Summary 

Case Study  

Think Critically 


Test Yourself

Websites  

Further Readings

 

 

Chapter 7   Diagnosis: Articulation versus Phonological Emphasis  

Preliminary Analysis: Inventory and Distribution of Speech Sounds

   Using a Matrix to Examine the Inventory and Distribution of Speech Sounds  

   Phonemic Contrasts: Differentiating Articulation from Phonological Disorders  

Decision Making: Primarily Articulatory Difficulties  

   Guidelines for Beginning Therapy: Phonetic Disorder  

Decision Making: Primarily Phonological Difficulties  

   Inventory and Distribution of Speech Sounds  

   Syllable Shapes and Constraints  

   Phonological Contrasts  

   Phonological Error Patterns  

Measures of Intelligibility and Severity  

   Measures of Intelligibility  

   Measures of Severity  

Summary 

Case Study 

Think Critically  

Test Yourself 

Websites

Further Readings

Appendix 8.1: Single-Word Responses to Goldman-Fristoe Test of Articulation for Child H. H.

Appendix 8.2: Preliminary Matrix for Recording Utterances

Appendix 8.3:  Matrix for Recording Phones According to Pre-, Inter-, and Postvocalic Word Positions for Child H. H.

Appendix 8.4: Overall Inventory of Phones for Child H. H.

Appendix 8.5: Proportional Occurrence of Consonant Phonemes in First-Grade, Third-Grade, and Fifth-Grade Children’s Speech 




Chapter 8     Therapy for Articulation Errors  

Decision Making: When to Use a Phonetic Approach  

   Articulation Errors  

   Decision Making: A Phonetic Approach with Phonological Disorders ?   

Therapy Sequence  

   General Overview of Therapy Progression  

Individual Sound Errors  

Misarticulations of [s] and [z]  

   Phonetic Description  

   Linguistic Function  

   Initial Remarks  

   Types of Misarticulation  

   Therapeutic Suggestions  

   Coarticulatory Conditions  

Misarticulations of [ʃ] and [ʒ]  

Phonetic Description  

   Linguistic Function  

   Initial Remarks  

   Types of Misarticulation  

   Therapeutic Suggestions  

   Coarticulatory Conditions  

Misarticulations of [k] and [g]  

   Phonetic Description  

   Linguistic Function  

   Initial Remarks  

   Types of Misarticulation  

   Therapeutic Suggestions  

   Coarticulatory Conditions  

Misarticulations of [l]  

   Phonetic Description  

   Linguistic Function  

   Initial Remarks  

   Types of Misarticulation  

   Therapeutic Suggestions  

     Coarticulatory Conditions  

Misarticulations of [r] and the Central Vowels  with R-Coloring  

   Phonetic Description  

   Linguistic Function  

   Initial Remarks  

   Types of Misarticulation  

   Therapeutic Suggestions  

   Coarticulatory Conditions  

Misarticulations of [θ] and [ð]  

   Phonetic Description  

   Linguistic Function  

   Types of Misarticulation  

   Therapeutic Suggestions  

   Coarticulatory Conditions  

Misarticulations of [f] and [v]  

   Phonetic Description  

   Types of Misarticulation  

   Therapeutic Suggestions  

   Coarticulatory Conditions  

Affricate Problems  

   Phonetic Description  

   Types of Misarticulation  

   Therapeutic Suggestions  

   Coarticulatory Conditions  

Voicing Problems  

   Therapeutic Suggestions  

Consonant Cluster Problems  

   Therapeutic Suggestions  

   Coarticulatory Conditions  

Summary  

Case Study  

Think Critically 

Test Yourself  

Websites 

Further Readings




Chapter 9 Treatment of Phonemic Errors  






Treatment Principles  

Minimal Pair Contrast Therapy  

   Minimal Opposition Contrast Therapy  

   Maximal Oppositions Approach

   Evolution of Maximal Oppositions: The Complexity Approach  

      Multiple Oppositions Approach  

   Phonological Process Therapy  

Cycles Training  

Metaphon Therapy: A Phonological Awareness Approach  

Phonological Disorders with Concurrent Language Problems: Therapeutic Suggestions  

   Connecting Phonology to Morphosyntax: Morphosyntax Intervention  

   Connecting Phonology to Semantics: Vocabulary Intervention  

The Child with an Emerging Phonological System: Therapeutic Suggestions  

   Combining Phonology with Semantics: Developing a Lexicon 

Treatment of Multiple Vowel Errors  

   The Child with a Very Limited Vowel Inventory: Therapeutic Suggestions  

   The Child with a High Proportion of Vowel Substitutions: Therapeutic Suggestions  

Summary  

Case Study  

Think Critically  

Test Yourself 

Websites  

Further Readings


 

Chapter 10     Theoretical Considerations and Practical Applications  

Phonology  

   What Is Phonology?  

   How Does Phonology Work?  

   How Did the Concept of the Phoneme Develop?  

   Speech Sound versus Phoneme: Clinical Application  

Distinctive Feature Theories  

   What Are Distinctive Features?  

   How Do Distinctive Features Work?  

   How Did Distinctive Feature Theories Develop?  

   Distinctive Feature Theories: Clinical Application  

Generative Phonology  

   What Is Generative Phonology?  

   How Does Generative Phonology Work?  

   How Did Generative Phonology Develop?  

   Distinctive Features and Generative Phonology: Clinical Application  

Natural Phonology  

   What Is Natural Phonology?  

   How Does Natural Phonology Work?  

   Phonological Processes  

   How Did Natural Phonology Develop?  

   Natural Phonology: Clinical Application  

Linear versus Nonlinear Phonologies  

   What Are Linear and Nonlinear Phonologies?  

   How Do Nonlinear Phonologies Work?  

   How Did Nonlinear Phonology Develop?  

   Nonlinear Phonologies: Clinical Implications  

Summary  

Case Study 

Think Critically  

Test Yourself  

Websites 

Further Readings 

Appendix 4.1  




Chapter 11   Articulatory/Phonological Disorders in Selected Populations  

Childhood Apraxia of Speech: A Disorder of Speech  Motor Control  

   Definition and General Features  

   Articulatory/Phonological Characteristics  

   Clinical Implications: Diagnostics  

   Clinical Implications: Therapeutics  

Motor Speech Disorders: Cerebral Palsy  

   Definition and General Features  

   Articulatory/Phonological Characteristics  

   Clinical Implications: Diagnostics  

     Clinical Implications: Therapeutics  

Clefting: Cleft Palate and Cleft Lip  

   Definition and General Features  

   Articulatory/Phonological Characteristics  

   Clinical Implications: Diagnostics  

   Clinical Implications: Therapeutics  

Mental Disability  

   Definition and General Features  

   Articulatory/Phonological Characteristics  

   Clinical Implications: Diagnostics  

   Clinical Implications: Therapeutics  

Hearing Impairment  

   Definition and General Features  

   Articulatory/Phonological Characteristics  

   Clinical Implications: Diagnostics  

   Clinical Implications: Therapeutics  

Motor Speech Disorders: Acquired Apraxia of Speech  

   Definition and General Features  

   Articulatory/Phonological Characteristics  

   Clinical Implications: Diagnostics  

   Clinical Implications: Therapeutics  

Motor Speech Disorders: The Dysarthrias  

   Definition and General Features  

   Articulatory/Phonological Characteristics  

   Clinical Implications: Diagnostics  

   Clinical Implications: Therapeutics  

Summary  

Case Study  

Think Critically  

Test Yourself  

Websites  

Further Readings

 

References  

Author Index  

Subject Index