Hypothalamic Control of Lactation

I Physiological Regulation of Lactation.- 1. Mechanism of Lactation.- 2. Hypothalamus-Pituitary Axis.- a) Hypothalamic Control of Prolactin Secretion.- b) Prolactin-Inhibiting Factor (PIF).- c) Prolactin-Releasing Factor (PRF).- d) Hypothalamic Feedback of Prolactin.- e) Effect of Steroids.- f) Interrelation between Pituitary Tropins.- g) Suckling.- h) Conclusions.- 3. Prolactin.- a) Introduction.- b) Storage and Release.- c) Properties.- d) Prolactin in Body Fluids.- e) Prolactin in Pituitary Tumors.- f) Effect of Prolactin on Mammary Growth.- g) Levels of Pituitary Prolactin in Various Stages of Lactation.- h) Theories on the Mechanism of Onset of Lactation.- i) Conclusion.- 4. Growth Hormone.- 5. Gonadotropins and Sex Steroids.- 6. Adrenocorticotropin and Corticosteroids.- 7. Thyrotropin and Thyroid Hormones.- 8. Oxytocin and Vasopressin.- 9. Parathormone and Calcitonin.- 10. Insulin and Glucagon.- 11. Pineal Gland.- 12. Placental and Amniotic Fluid.- II Pharmacological Regulation of Lactation.- 13. Hypothalamic Lactation Produced by Psychopharmaca.- a) History.- b) Dissociation of Mammotropic and Sedative Effects.- c) Biological Dissociation through Combined Treatment with Tranquilizers and Psychostimulants.- d) Chemical Dissociation by Molecular Changes of Tranquilizers.- e) Studies in Hypophysectomized Rats.- f) Conclusions.- 14. Mammotropic Effect of Phenothiazine Derivatives.- a) History.- b) Mammotropic Index (MTI).- c) Body Temperature Drop (BTD).- d) Screening of Phenothiazine Derivatives.- e) Screening of Phenothiazine Sulfoxides and Sulfodioxides.- f) Stimulation of Synthesis and Release of Prolactin by Perphenazine.- g) Intracerebral Implantation of Phenothiazine Derivatives.- h) Mammotropic Effect of Fluphenazine Enanthate in the Rat.- i) Comparative Study of Phenothiazine Effect on Hypothalamic Prolactin-Inhibiting Factor and MSH-Releasing Factor.- j) Conclusions.- 15. Mammotropic Effect of Phenothiazine-like Compounds.- 16. Mammotropic Effect of Reserpine Derivatives.- 17. Mammotropic Effect of Butyrophenones.- 18. Mammotropic Effect of Miscellaneous Psychotropic Drugs.- 19. Structure-Activity Relationship of Mammotropic Drugs and Receptor Theory.- 20. Pituitary-Ovary Axis in Hypothalamic Lactation.- 21. Pituitary-Adrenal Axis in Hypothalamic Lactation.- 22. Pituitary-Thyroid Axis in Hypothalamic Lactation.- a) Role of Thyroid in vivo and in vitro.- b) Thyroid and Hypothalamic Mammary Growth.- c) Thyroid and post-partum Galactopoiesis.- d) Conclusion.- 23. Prolactin Release by Hypothalamus of Nursing Rat Mothers.- 24. Prolactin as Luteotropic Hormone.- III Prolactin Assay.- 25. In vitro Methods.- a) Effect of Hypothalamus.- b) Effect of Pituitary.- c) Effect of Steroids.- d) Effect of Neurohormones.- e) Effect of Phenothiazines.- f) Effect of Reserpine.- g) Effect of Thyroid.- h) Effect of Oxytocin.- i) Conclusion.- 26. In vivo Methods.- a) Rabbit Tests.- ?) Rabbit Intraductal Method.- ?) Rabbit Intracerebral Test.- b) Rat Tests.- ?) Mammotropic Index in Female Rats.- ?) Milk Yield Test in post-partum Rats.- c) Pigeon Tests.- ?) Systemic Pigeon Crop Gland Weight Method.- ?) Intradermal Pigeon Crop Gland Method.- d) Concentration Methods.- 27. Radioimmunoassay.- IV Problems of Lactation.- 28. Lactation in Humans.- a) Lactation and post-partum Amenorrhea.- b) Inhibition of Lactation and Breast Engorgement.- c) Persistence of Lactation and Menstrual Cycle.- d) Sterility during Lactation.- e) Galactorrhea as a General Syndrome.- f) Forbes-Albright-Castillo Syndrome.- g) Chiari-Frommel Syndrome.- h) Sheehan's Syndrome.- i) Hypothalamic Lactation.- j) Promotion of post-partum Lactation.- k) Gynecomastia.- ?) Morphology.- ?) Physiologic States.- ?) Pathological Conditions.- l) Conclusion.- 29. Conclusions.- 30. Research Problems.- References.